Using Metering to Perform Energy Management: Performing Data Analytics via the Metering System (River Publishers Series in Energy Management)

This book covers many helpful analysis tools and processes to assist energy managers (EMs) administer their energy program through their meter management system (MMS). These tools and the corresponding techniques offer opportunities for the EM to optimize their time. If fully utilized, the MMS will allow an EM to reduce field time significantly, as they can perform most of the energy management pre-analysis, benchmarking, data analysis and, in many cases, complete the task of performing a virtual audit remotely from their office. The book covers many instructional areas that are, for the most part, only offered by consulting groups and software vendors as services. Those two groups offer their services for fees and therefore do not publish their ideas or best practices for commercial use. Software vendors provide software analytics whose functional aspects are addressed by our descriptions of the essential tasks in each chapter. This book allows EMs to expand their knowledge of software capabilities by viewing other best practices. Consulting groups offer services in a few areas: basic benchmarking and monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx). These services are considered essential to energy management but are generally implemented as on-site services, which, due to their nature, are much more expensive than a monitoring commissioning (MCx) solution. Monitoring commissioning, in contrast to MBCx, is purely done at the monitoring level and allows you to manage the critical energy measures that comprise the majority of the savings, but without getting into the field testing. Benchmarking is covered much deeper in the book as we show how to benchmark each system within a building. The benchmarking sections show how to automatically analyze each system’s usage into a separate benchmark for baseload, lighting, AC, and fan/pump systems. These systems produce benchmarks so EMs can compare by site, category type, climate zone, etc. We also introduce benchmarks that enable the EM to utilize tools to determine the performance of each system and which are their most significant energy users. These analytics functions are covered to produce results that identify potential energy savings for each energy system. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Introduction to Meter Management Systems 1.2: Evolution of Energy Management 1.3: Evolution of Available Energy Data 1.4: Building Management System 1.5: Implementing a Successful MMS 1.6: Data Analysis References Chapter 2: What is Important About Managing Meter Systems? 2.1: Evolution of Data 2.1.1: The Technology Pillar 2.1.2: The People Pillar 2.1.3: The Buildings Pillar 2.2: Where Do We Source Data? 2.3: What Types of Data Can Be Incorporated Into the Analysis? 2.4: How Much Data Analytics Can Meters Provide in this Universe of Data? 2.5: How Do We Add Meter Data to Other Tools? References Chapter 3: Fault Detection 3.1: Introduction 3.2: What is Fault Detection? 3.3: Can We Use MMS to Do Fault Detection? 3.3.1: Overrides 3.3.2: Equipment 3.3.3: Consumption 3.4: Additional Functionality 3.5: Summary References Chapter 4: Comprehensive Building Analytics (HVAC Systems) 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Case Study 1: Simultaneous Heating and Cooling 4.3: Case Study 2: Air-handling Scheduling 4.4: Case Study 3: Leaking Chiller Isolation Valve 4.5: Case Study 4: Fume Hood Face Velocity 4.6: Case Study 5: Sash Position during Occupied Hours References Chapter 5: Setting Up Billing 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Setting the Rate Structure 5.3: Options on Billing 5.4: Summary Chapter 6: Meter Data Connectivity 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Meter Network Options 6.3: How to Assess Connectivity of Meters 6.4: Different Ways to Track the Status 6.5: Meter Connectivity and Data Quality 6.6: Meter Reporting Trends 6.7: How to Use Notifications for Offline Meters 6.8: Overall Impact Chapter 7: Data Quality 7.1: Introduction 7.2: How to Do a Quick Check on the Quality of the Meter Data 7.3: What Is the Impact of Repeated Readings? 7.4: What Do Zero Readings Mean? 7.5: Should Data Readings Increment Upward? 7.6: What Is the Impact of Fluctuations in Alternating Readings? 7.7: Does the Reading’s Precision Affect My Analysis? 7.8: Can the Percentage of Base Load be a Good Benchmark for Quality? 7.9: How Do We Assess if the Multipliers are Off, and What is that Impact? 7.10: What Happens When Multiple Issues Affect a Meter? 7.11: What Is the Basic Approach to Checking the Quality? Chapter 8: Auditing Template 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Summary of Campus and Facilities Plan 8.3: Facility Systems’ Information 8.4 Executive Summary of the ECMs 8.4.1: Operations and maintenance 8.4.2: Lighting 8.4.3: Plug load: office equipment 8.4.4: Plug load: food service equipment 8.4.5: Heating and cooling 8.5: Commissioning Component of Recommendations 8.6: Developing Detailed ECMs 8.7: Summary References Chapter 9: Using Metering for Measurement and Verification (M&V) 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Breakdown of Approach 9.3: Breakdown of Graphical Interval Usage 9.4: Graphical Monthly Usage 9.5: Monthly Usage 9.6: Daily Usage 9.7: Interval Usage 9.8: Measurement and Verification Tool 9.9: Summary Chapter 10: Basic Benchmarking (First Level) 10.1: Benchmarking Guidance 10.2: Basic Plug Loads 10.3: Base Load 10.4: Resetting the Base Load 10.5: Other Building Curves to Benchmark 10.6: Summary References Chapter 11: Second-level Benchmarking (Base Load with Plug Load) 11.1: Visualizing Potential Savings from Graphs 11.2: Analyzing the Plug Load 11.3: Base Load minus the Plug Load (Remaining Fan/Pump Systems) 11.4: Comparing Differences Between Base Load and Non-Office Hour Potential Savings 11.5: Introduce a Metric to Do Comparisons in Base Load References Chapter 12: Third-level Benchmarking (Lights and Scatter Plot Modeling) 12.1: Focusing on Lighting System Loading 12.2: How to Develop the Scatter Plot 12.3: Breaking Down the System Usage via the Scatter Plot 12.4: Compare the Lighting Loading Metrics References Chapter 13: Fourth-level Benchmarking (Fan/Pump and AC Systems) 13.1: Focus on the Last Two of the Four Systems 13.2: Break Down the Fan/Pump and AC System Usage via the Scatter Plot 13.3: Compare the Fan/Pump System Loading Metrics 13.4: Compare the AC System Loading Metrics 13.5: Calculate the AC System Efficiency 13.6: Compare AC System for Office Hours and Non-office Hours? 13.7: Compare AC Systems over Various Example Buildings 13.8: Calculate the Waterfall of Values References Chapter 14: Understanding and Troubleshooting System Overrides 14.1: System Schedule Overrides 14.2: What Causes an Override? 14.3: How Do We Fix It? References Chapter 15: Monitoring Commissioning (MCx) Process 15.1: Introduction 15.2: What is MCx? 15.2.1: Phases of MCx 15.2.2: Control sequences 15.2.3: Putting it all together 15.3: Total Building Commissioning (Cx) 15.4: Degradation Curve 15.5: Summary References Chapter 16: Evaluating the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) Value to the Energy Manager 16.1: General EUI Background 16.1.1: Weather normalized energy 16.1.2: Adjusted to current year 16.2: Value of EUI charts 16.3: EUI Compared by Total, Electric, and Gas 16.4: Summary References Chapter 17: Comparing EUI to Other Metrics 17.1: What are the Relevant Parameters? 17.2: Top 30 Category Types 17.3: Other Ways to Compare Benchmark Metrics References Chapter 18: Setting Up for Energy Projects 18.1: Introduction 18.2: Energy Use Intensity (EUI) 18.3: Extrapolated EUI 18.4: Category Type Performance Metrics 18.5: Individual Buildings Data Quick Audit Tool Chapter 19: Comparing Campus Consumption to Individual Building Statistics 19.1: Introduction 19.2: Value Added with Campus-wide Statistics 19.3: Square Foot Analytics 19.4: Electricity Analytics 19.5: Gas Analytics 19.6: Water Analytics 19.7: Is the Multiplier Off on an Electric Meter? 19.8: Are We Adjusting Consumption for Double-counting or for Generation Assets? 19.9: Summary Chapter 20: Cross-referencing Three Metrics for Evaluating Buildings 20.1: Introduction 20.2: Summary Appendix 1: The Transition of HDD and CDD Over the Last 70 Years Appendix 2: Determine the Impact of Variance on Calculating Various Degree Day Base Temperatures Appendix 3: Determine the Variance of Each Energy System in the Scatter Plot and the Overall Impact Index About the Authors