Use of Satellite and In-Situ Data to Improve Sustainability (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)

More than 30-year operational satellite data have already been used for monitoring land, ocean and atmosphere. These applications have contributed to improve sustainable economy, produce healthy environment and enhance human life. The Advanced Research Workshop sponsored by NATO and organized by the USA’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Ukrainian’s Space Agency bring the scientists with the most mature research designed for practical use. The goals were to select those which is used for services today and identify the areas to expand research and services. Scientific and application results of the Workshop presented in this book can be used today in agriculture, forestry, water resources, healthy coastal life and fisheries, climate and land cover change, anthropogenic activities and others. The presented papers provide information on how to use operational satellites and in situ measurements for early detection of large-scale droughts, floods and fires, diagnose crop and pasture annual losses, predict periods with health/unhealthy vegetation based on such climate forcing events as ENSO, monitor air quality and geomagnetic activities, assess land cover trends in responce to global warming etc. The available satellite/ground information and method is currently warn with a lead time sufficient to respond, recover and protect. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security......Page 1 Use of Satellite and In-Situ Datato Improve Sustainability......Page 4 ISBN 9789048196173 (HB)......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 6 CONTENTS......Page 10 Part I: Large-Scale Weather Disasters: Early Detection & Monitoring From Space & In Situ Data......Page 15 Introduction......Page 17 Methods......Page 19 Crop Yield Forecasting......Page 20 Receipt and Processing of Data......Page 22 Introduction......Page 25 Satellite Data......Page 26 Global Droughts......Page 27 Regional Droughts......Page 29 References......Page 32 Introduction......Page 33 Related Works......Page 34 Data......Page 35 Method......Page 37 Results and Discussion......Page 38 Sensor Web System for Flood Monitoring......Page 40 Conclusions......Page 42 References......Page 43 Introduction......Page 45 Theory of Satellite Rainfall Estimation......Page 46 Current NOAA Capabilities......Page 48 Planned NOAA Capabilities......Page 50 References......Page 53 Introduction......Page 55 Reception Facilities at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Services......Page 56 Methodology for Interpretation of MSG Images......Page 57 EUMETSAT Operational Products......Page 59 Some Applications......Page 60 References......Page 62 Introduction......Page 63 Land Cover Map......Page 64 Cloud Cover......Page 65 Fire Seasons......Page 66 Fire Occurrence Trends......Page 69 Conclusion......Page 73 References......Page 74 Remote Sensing of Crops......Page 75 Russian Systems for Crop Monitoring......Page 76 Another Systems for Crop Monitoring......Page 78 References......Page 80 Part II: Environment And Food Security: Diagnosis And Prediction......Page 81 Introduction......Page 83 Experimental Research sites......Page 85 Remote Sensing Data......Page 86 Monitoring Overgrazing......Page 87 Relationship Between Biomass Anomaly and Satellite Indices......Page 88 Monitoring Drought......Page 89 Monitoring Grazing in the Central Mongolia (Tov Aimag)......Page 91 Conclusions......Page 92 References......Page 93 Introduction......Page 95 Snow Cover Duration and Drought......Page 97 Extent of Winterkill......Page 98 Discussion......Page 102 References......Page 104 Results and Discussion......Page 107 Conclusion......Page 111 Satellite-Based Crop Production Monitoring in Ukraine and Regional Food Security......Page 113 Satellite Data and Method......Page 114 Results and Discussion......Page 115 Statistical Modeling of Regional Yield......Page 116 References......Page 118 Introduction......Page 119 Satellite and In situ Data and Method......Page 120 Study Area......Page 121 Results and Discussion......Page 122 Conclusion......Page 124 References......Page 126 Introduction......Page 127 Results and Discussion......Page 128 Conclusions......Page 129 References......Page 130 Part III: Climate Change, Environment And Socioeconomics......Page 131 Introduction......Page 133 Global Vegetation Health Data Set......Page 134 Trend Analysis During 1982–2007......Page 135 References......Page 136 Global Warming, Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, Thermohaline Catastrophe and Their Impact on Climate of the North Atlantic Region ......Page 139 Introduction: General Characteristics of Global Warming, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Thermohaline Catastrophe......Page 140 Manifestations of the AMO in the Large-Scale Atmospheric Characteristics and the Statistics of Cyclones in the Atlantic–European Region......Page 143 Statistical Significance of the Detection of Different Characteristics of the AMO and Its Predictability......Page 146 Likelihood of Thermohaline Catastrophe in Different Climatic Epochs......Page 150 How Reliable the Ocean Observational Network to Detect the Multidecadal Variability? Problem with Long-Term Deep-Ocean Observations ......Page 152 References......Page 156 Introduction......Page 159 Methodology......Page 160 Discussion......Page 161 References......Page 164 Introduction......Page 165 Data......Page 166 Method......Page 168 Description of the Results......Page 169 Conclusions......Page 171 References......Page 172 Introduction......Page 173 Area of Investigation......Page 174 References......Page 177 Introduction......Page 179 Data and Method......Page 180 Results and Discussion......Page 181 Conclusions......Page 184 References......Page 185 Part IV: Marine Ecosystem, Land Cover, Atmosphere & Anthropogenic Activities......Page 187 The Concept of BCP......Page 189 Conclusion......Page 194 References......Page 0 Introduction......Page 195 Data and Methods......Page 196 Results......Page 197 Conclusions......Page 203 References......Page 204 Introduction......Page 205 Location and Methods......Page 206 Results and Discussion......Page 207 Conclusions......Page 211 References......Page 212 Introduction......Page 213 Initial Data......Page 214 Methods and Results......Page 215 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 219 References......Page 221 Introduction......Page 223 Study Area and Observation Sites......Page 224 Results and Discussion......Page 226 Conclusions......Page 230 References......Page 231 Introduction......Page 233 Satellite Data......Page 234 Simulated Data......Page 235 Linear Approach......Page 236 Nonlinear Approach (the Case of Emissions from Megacities)......Page 239 Decadal Trends in NOx Emissions in the Period from 1996 to 2005......Page 241 Estimates of Nonlinear Trends in Megacities in the Period from 1996 to 2008......Page 242 Checking the Agreement Between the Measurement Data and Simulations Obtained with the Measurement-Based Emission Estimates ......Page 244 References......Page 247 Introduction......Page 249 Results......Page 250 References......Page 253 Introduction......Page 255 Implementation of RS Technology in the Sahara Countries......Page 256 References......Page 258 Part V: Satellite & In Situ Long Records For Trend Analysis, Modeling & Monitoring......Page 259 Introduction......Page 261 Satellites, Sensor, Data, Noise, Noise Removal, GVH Method......Page 262 Conclusions......Page 268 References......Page 269 Environmental Phenomenon......Page 271 Monitoring of Extratropical and Tropical Cyclones, Fronts, Squalls and Other Dangerous Phenomena in Sea–Air System......Page 273 Widespread Effects of Hazardous Atmospheric Processes in Coastal Areas and Locked-Land Seas......Page 277 Conclusion......Page 278 References......Page 279 Introduction......Page 281 Data Sets Description......Page 282 Results and Discussion......Page 283 References......Page 285 Introduction......Page 287 Data and Methods......Page 288 Study Area......Page 290 Results and Discussion......Page 291 Conclusions......Page 295 References......Page 297 Introduction......Page 299 Instrument and Data......Page 300 Method......Page 302 Results and Discussion......Page 304 Conclusions......Page 307 References......Page 308 Introduction......Page 309 Data......Page 310 Geomagnetic Variations During April 6–7, 2000 Magnetic Storm......Page 311 Changes in Relativistic Particles Fluxes at Geosynchronous Orbit......Page 313 Spatial Distribution of Modelled Magnetic Fields in Inner Magnetosphere (