Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete (Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering)

Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete looks at the processing of plastic waste, including techniques for separation, the production of plastic aggregates, the production of concrete with recycled plastic as an aggregate or binder, the fresh properties of concrete with plastic aggregates, the shrinkage of concrete with plastic aggregates, the mechanical properties of concrete with plastic aggregates, toughness of concrete with plastic aggregates, modulus of elasticity of concrete with plastic aggregates, durability of concrete with plastic aggregates, concrete plastic waste powder with enhanced neutron radiation shielding, and more, thus making it a valuable reference for academics and industrial researchers. Describes the main types of recycled plastics that can be applied in concrete manufacturing Presents, for the first time, state-of-the art knowledge on the properties of conventional concrete with recycled plastics Discusses the technological challenges for concrete manufactures for mass production of recycled concrete from plastic waste Front Cover......Page 1 Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete......Page 2 Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of contributors......Page 12 1.1 The waste plastic problem......Page 16 1.2 Outline of the book......Page 19 References......Page 22 2.1 Introduction......Page 24 2.2.1 Production of plastic waste......Page 25 2.3 The plastic recycling chain......Page 28 2.4 Plastic waste separation technologies......Page 30 Ballistic separator......Page 31 Sink-float separation......Page 32 Hydrocycloning......Page 33 2.4.2 Electrostatic separation......Page 34 2.4.3 Magnetic density separation......Page 35 2.4.5 Sensor-based sorting......Page 36 2.4.5.1 Visible spectroscopy......Page 37 2.4.5.3 Hyperspectral imaging......Page 38 2.4.5.4 X-ray fluorescence......Page 39 2.4.6 Auxiliary separation technologies......Page 40 2.4.6.1 Magnetic separation......Page 41 2.4.6.2 Eddy current separation......Page 42 2.5.1 Recycled plastics quality measurements......Page 43 2.6.2 LDPE-HDPE separation......Page 45 2.6.3 Black or dark color polymers......Page 46 2.6.5 Marine plastics......Page 47 References......Page 48 3.1 Introduction......Page 54 3.2.1 Multiphase flow overview......Page 55 3.2.2 Phase coupling......Page 57 3.2.3 Dispersed multiphase flows modeling......Page 58 3.2.4 Conservation equations of diluted dispersed two-phase flows in an Eulerian reference framework......Page 59 3.3 Devices for the hydraulic separation within mechanical recycling plants......Page 61 3.4.1 Experimental apparatus......Page 63 3.4.2 Equipment and methodology for the fluid mechanics investigation......Page 65 3.4.3 Tested plastic samples......Page 66 3.4.4 Mono- and Multimaterial Separation Tests......Page 67 3.5.1.1 Monomaterial separation tests......Page 69 3.5.1.2 Multimaterial separation tests......Page 75 3.5.2 Results from the numerical simulations......Page 78 3.6 Conclusions......Page 80 References......Page 81 4.1 Introduction......Page 84 4.2 Physical cutting of waste plastic......Page 85 4.3.1.1 Collection and sorting plastic wastes......Page 86 4.3.1.3 Reprocessing of plastic......Page 87 4.3.2 Degradation of plastic during reprocessing......Page 88 4.3.2.2 Melt blending......Page 89 4.4 Production of recycled plastic fibers......Page 90 4.5.1 Molecular orientation in recycled PP fiber......Page 92 4.5.2 Crystallinity in recycled PP fibers......Page 93 4.6 Mechanical properties of recycled PP fibers......Page 95 4.7 Conclusions......Page 97 References......Page 98 5.2.1 Concrete requirements......Page 100 5.2.2 Aggregate preparation and mix proportion for concrete incorporating plastic waste as aggregate......Page 101 Fine PET plastic aggregate......Page 102 High-density polyethylene fine plastic aggregate......Page 104 Fine aggregate from waste compact disks......Page 105 Plate cover of water drink bottle as coarse aggregate......Page 106 Coarse aggregate from waste compact disk wastes......Page 108 5.3.2 Measurement of workability......Page 109 Fine PET plastic aggregate......Page 110 High-density polyethylene fine plastic aggregate......Page 112 Drink water plastic bottle's cover as coarse aggregate......Page 113 Coarse aggregate from waste compact disks......Page 115 5.4 Fresh density of concrete containing plastic aggregate......Page 116 5.5 Self-compacting plastic aggregate concrete......Page 118 5.5.2 Fresh properties of Self-compacting concrete incorporating waste plastic aggregate......Page 119 5.5.2.1 Fine plastic aggregate SCC......Page 120 Compacted disk plastic as coarse aggregate......Page 123 Water drink plastic bottle cover as coarse aggregate......Page 126 References......Page 128 Further reading......Page 129 6.1 Introduction......Page 130 6.2.1 Behavior of PVC aggregate......Page 132 6.2.2 Properties of fresh concrete......Page 136 6.2.3 Physical properties......Page 137 6.2.4.1 Compressive strength......Page 138 6.2.4.2 Tensile strength......Page 142 6.2.4.3 Modulus of elasticity......Page 144 6.2.5 Non-destructive behavior......Page 147 6.2.7 Other properties......Page 148 References......Page 149 7.1 Introduction......Page 152 7.2 Preparation of EPS......Page 154 7.3 Physical properties of EPS......Page 155 7.5 Substitution levels of EPS......Page 156 7.8 Fresh properties of concrete containing EPS......Page 161 7.8.2 Flow table......Page 162 7.9.1 Compressive strength......Page 163 7.9.5 Mode of failure......Page 164 7.9.6 Flexural strength......Page 165 7.9.7 Ultrasonic pulse velocity......Page 166 7.9.8 Length change (shrinkage, expansion)......Page 167 7.10 Thermal conductivity......Page 168 7.11.2 Capillary water absorption......Page 169 7.11.5 Freezing–thaw resistance......Page 170 7.13 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 171 References......Page 173 8.1 Introduction......Page 182 8.2 Production of expanded granules......Page 183 8.4 Use of polyolefins as recycled aggregates in lightweight concrete (case study)......Page 185 8.4.1 Materials......Page 188 8.4.2.3 Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and flexural tests......Page 190 8.4.3.1 Physical properties......Page 191 8.4.3.2 Mechanical properties......Page 195 8.4.3.3 Thermal stability......Page 196 References......Page 198 Further reading......Page 201 9.1 Introduction......Page 204 9.2.2 Characterization of PP aggregates......Page 206 9.2.3 Preparation of concrete with PP aggregates......Page 208 9.3 Structural properties of concrete with PP aggregates......Page 212 9.4 Mechanical properties of concrete with PP aggregates......Page 214 9.4.2 Flexural strength......Page 215 9.4.3 Modulus of elasticity......Page 218 9.4.4 Compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures—thermal stability......Page 220 9.5 Thermal properties of composites with PP aggregates......Page 222 9.6 Hygric properties of composites with PP aggregates......Page 225 References......Page 226 10.1 Introduction......Page 230 10.2.3 Neutron scattering reactions (Kontani et al., 2010)......Page 231 10.2.4 Neutron absorption reactions (Lamarsh and Baratta, 2001)......Page 232 10.2.5 Concrete as a radiation shield......Page 233 10.2.8 Microscopic reaction cross-sections......Page 234 10.2.11 Test methodology......Page 236 10.2.13 Dose transmission measurements......Page 237 10.3 Use of hydrogenous aggregates and polymers in radiation shielding......Page 238 10.3.1 Selection of polymer......Page 240 10.4 Use of virgin HDPE powder as partial replacement to sand......Page 242 10.5 Properties of PISCC mixes in their fresh states......Page 246 10.5.1 Static segregation characteristics of PISCC mixes......Page 248 10.5.2 Strength characteristics......Page 249 10.6.2 Hydrogen loading in different PISCC mixes......Page 250 10.6.3 Shielding characteristics of PISCC mixes......Page 252 10.6.5 Effect of hydrogen loading on shielding characteristics of PISCC mixes......Page 255 10.6.6 Future trends......Page 259 References......Page 260 11.1 Introduction......Page 264 11.2.1 Workability performance......Page 266 11.2.2 Compressive strength......Page 267 11.2.3 Ultrasonic pulse velocity......Page 268 11.2.5 The splitting tensile strength......Page 269 11.2.7 The electrical resistance......Page 270 11.3 Comparison of the polyethylene terephthalate and dioctyl terephthalate concrete......Page 272 11.4 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 277 References......Page 279 12.1 Introduction......Page 284 12.2.1 The Marshall stability......Page 285 12.2.2 Investigating the effects of PET waste on the volumetric properties of asphalt mixture......Page 287 12.2.3 Indirect tensile strength (ITS) test......Page 289 12.2.4 Moisture sensitivity......Page 290 12.2.5 Fatigue......Page 291 12.2.6 Rutting......Page 292 12.2.7 Stiffness and resilience modulus......Page 294 12.2.9 Viscosity......Page 296 12.3 Conclusion......Page 297 References......Page 298 13.1 Introduction......Page 302 13.2 Polymer modification of asphalt and the need for plastic recycling in asphalt concrete......Page 303 13.3.1 Material......Page 304 13.3.2.4 Asphalt concrete testing......Page 306 13.3.2.5 Emission estimation......Page 307 13.4.1 Rotational viscosity......Page 308 13.4.2 Rutting resistance parameter and phase angle of the PW-modified binder......Page 309 13.4.3 High performance temperature of PW-modified asphalt binders......Page 311 13.4.4 Recycled Plastic asphalt concretes compared......Page 313 13.4.5 An estimate of the environmental benefit of plastic recycling in AC: KSA perspective......Page 316 13.6 Summary and conclusions......Page 317 References......Page 318 14.1 Introduction......Page 322 14.2 Need for stabilization of asphalt concrete......Page 323 14.2.1 Dense graded asphalt concrete......Page 324 14.2.2 Gap- and open-graded asphalt concrete......Page 326 14.3 Addition of plastic in asphalt concrete......Page 329 14.4 Performance of asphalt concrete with plastics......Page 330 14.5 Field investigations......Page 332 References......Page 333 15.1 Introduction......Page 342 15.2 Bitumen’s role in asphalt......Page 343 15.3 Modification of asphalt mixtures with polymers......Page 344 15.3.1 Polymer modification by wet way......Page 345 15.3.2 Addition by dry way......Page 346 15.4 Modification of asphalt mixtures with polystyrene......Page 347 15.4.1.1 Materials and sample preparation......Page 348 15.4.1.2 Characterization tests......Page 351 15.4.1.3 Life cycle assessment......Page 353 15.4.2.1 Asphalt concrete......Page 354 15.4.2.3 Life cycle assessment......Page 358 15.5 General Conclusions......Page 359 15.6 Future lines of study......Page 360 References......Page 361 16.2 Metalized postconsumer plastic wastes: challenges and issues for management......Page 364 16.3 Feasibility of MPW in concrete: outcomes from pilot studies......Page 365 16.3.2 Metalized plastic waste fibers......Page 366 16.3.3 Tests on concrete specimens containing MPW fibers......Page 367 16.4.1 Effect of MPW fibers on concrete workability......Page 370 16.4.2.2 Splitting tensile strength......Page 373 16.5.1 Deformation due to axial compression......Page 375 16.5.1.1 Observations......Page 377 16.6 Advantages and limitations of the usage of MPW in concrete......Page 379 16.7 Important findings and concluding remarks......Page 380 References......Page 381 Further reading......Page 382 17.1 Introduction......Page 384 17.2.1.1 Slump......Page 385 17.2.1.2 Compaction factor......Page 387 17.2.2.1 Compressive strength......Page 388 17.2.2.2 Flexural strength......Page 392 17.2.2.3 Split tensile strength......Page 393 17.2.2.5 Modulus of elasticity......Page 395 17.2.2.6 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test......Page 397 Acknowledgments......Page 398 References......Page 399 18.1 Introduction......Page 402 18.2.1 Mechanical properties of PET......Page 404 18.2.2 PET fibers......Page 405 18.3 Tests (summary) and results......Page 413 References......Page 423 Further reading......Page 425 19.1 Introduction......Page 426 19.2 Carpet types and fiber recycling methods......Page 427 19.3 Properties of recycled carpet fiber......Page 430 19.4.1 Slump......Page 431 19.4.3 Shrinkage......Page 432 19.6.1 Compressive strength......Page 433 19.6.2 Tensile behavior......Page 434 19.6.3 Flexural behavior......Page 435 19.6.4 Impact behavior......Page 436 19.7 Future trends......Page 437 References......Page 438 20.1 Introduction......Page 442 20.3 The use of polyethylene terephthalate in asphalt mixture......Page 443 20.4 Recycled polyethylene terephthalate fiber......Page 444 20.5 Characteristics of recycled PET fiber......Page 445 20.6.1 Mixture design and sample preparations......Page 446 20.6.2 Mixture performance......Page 447 20.6.2.1 Resilient modulus......Page 448 20.6.2.2 Static creep......Page 450 20.7 Conclusion......Page 452 References......Page 453 21.1 Introduction......Page 456 21.2 Sustainability in construction materials......Page 457 21.2.1 Embodied energy......Page 459 21.2.2 Operational energy......Page 460 21.2.3 Life cycle assessment......Page 461 21.3.1 Goal and scope definition......Page 463 21.3.2.1 Scenario A: production of 364kg of SL82 SRM using electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces......Page 464 21.3.2.3 Scenario C: mechanical recycling of 40kg recycled PP fiber......Page 466 21.3.3 Life cycle impact assessment......Page 469 21.3.4 Results and interpretations......Page 470 21.4 Conclusions......Page 473 References......Page 474 A......Page 476 B......Page 477 C......Page 478 E......Page 479 F......Page 480 H......Page 481 L......Page 482 M......Page 483 P......Page 484 T......Page 489 W......Page 490 Y......Page 491 Back Cover......Page 492 "'Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete' looks at the processing of plastic waste, including techniques for separation, the production of plastic aggregates, the production of concrete with recycled plastic as an aggregate or binder, the fresh properties of concrete with plastic aggregates, the shrinkage of concrete with plastic aggregates, the mechanical properties of concrete with plastic aggregates, toughness of concrete with plastic aggregates, modulus of elasticity of concrete with plastic aggregates, durability of concrete with plastic aggregates, concrete plastic waste powder with enhanced neutron radiation shielding, and more, thus making it a valuable reference for academics and industrial researchers."--Provided by publisher __Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete__