Urdu Hindi: An Artificial Divide (Politics of Language)

Divide and rule the British were experts; and in creating out of one language the notion of a separate "Hindi" for Hindus in colonial India and "Urdu" for Muslims, they used even the definition of languages to set their colonial subjects against one another. Further, this language had its origin from Austric and Dravidian and not from the Indo-European Sanskrit, as is the dogma. In a blow against the British Empire, Khan suggests that London artificially divided India s Hindu and Muslim populations by splitting their one language in two, then burying the evidence in obscure scholarly works outside the public view. All language is political and so is the boundary between one language and another. The author analyzes the origins of Urdu, one of the earliest known languages, and propounds the iconoclastic views that,Hindi came from pre-Aryan Dravidian and Austric-Munda, not from Aryan s Sanskrit (which, like the Indo-European languages, Greek and Latin, etc., are rooted in the Middle East/Mesopotamia and not in Europe); Hindi s script came from the Aramaic system, similar to Greek, and In the 1800s, the British initiated the divisive game of splitting one language in two, Hindi (for the Hindus) and Urdu (for the Muslims). These facts, he says, have been buried and nearly lost in turgid academic works. Khan bolsters his hypothesis with copious technical linguistic examples. This may spark a revolution in linguistic history!Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide integrates the out of Africa linguistic evolution theory with the fossil linguistics of Middle East, and discards the theory that Sanskrit descended from a hypothetical proto-IndoEuropean language and by degeneration created dialects, Urdu/Hindi and others.It shows that several tribes from the Middle East created the hybrid by cumulative evolution. The oldest groups, Austric and Dravidian, starting 8000 B.C. provided the grammar/syntax plus about 60% of vocabulary, SKT added 10% after 1500 B.C. and Arabic/Persian 20-30% after A.D. 800. The book reveals Mesopotamia as the linguistic melting pot of Sumerian, Babylonian, Elamite, Hittite-Hurrian-Mitanni, etc., with a common script and vocabularies shared mutually and passed on to IE, SKT, DR, Arabic and then to Hindi/Urdu; in fact the author locates oldest evidence of SKT in Syria.The book also exposes the myths of a revealed SKT or Hebrew and the fiction of linguistic races, i.e. Aryan, Semitic, etc. The book supports the one world concept and reveals the potential of Urdu/Hindi to unite all genetic elements, races and regions of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent.This is important reading not only for those interested to understand the divisive exploitation of languages in British-led India s partition, but for those interested in - The science and history of origin of Urdu/Hindi (and other languages)- The false claims of linguistic races and creation - History of Languages and Scripts- Language, Mythology and Racism- Ancient History and Fossil Languages- British Rule and India s Partition Abbreviations......Page 7 Table of Contents......Page 11 Foreword......Page 21 Mesopotamian Languages......Page 23 Globalism in Urdu/Hindi......Page 24 Acknowledgments......Page 27 List of Tables and Illustrations......Page 29 1.0 Introduction......Page 31 1.1 Scientific History: Summarized......Page 32 1.2 Textbook History......Page 34 1.3 Evolution of Classification......Page 35 1.3.1 Language Families and Types......Page 36 1.4 Politics of Linguistic Splits......Page 37 1.5 A Mythical Dilemma in Modern Linguistics......Page 38 1.6 The Mythical World of Sanskrit......Page 39 1.7 Indophilism and Indo-Europeanism......Page 40 1.8 Racism Coat-tailed on Sanskrit......Page 41 1.9 Linguistic Liberalism......Page 43 1.10 Language as a Utility in India......Page 45 1.11 Grammar Types and Syntax......Page 46 1.12 Middle East Farmers: Parents of Urdu/Hindi......Page 47 1.13 Chapter Summary......Page 48 2.0 Introduction......Page 51 2.1 Genetics Blunts Linguistic Racism......Page 52 2.2 Speech, Genes (FOXP2), and Language Evolution......Page 55 2.3 Great Arab Linguists......Page 56 2.4 Phonetics of Urdu/Hindi and Others......Page 57 2.5 Growth, Grammar, and Accidence......Page 59 2.6 Classification: a Science and an Art......Page 62 2.7 Reconstruction Business......Page 63 2.8 Emergence of Superfamilies......Page 64 2.9 All Connected - One Language......Page 66 2.10 Indo-Aryan or Indian Urdu/Hindi......Page 67 Urdu/Hindi......Page 69 Persian and IA (Urdu/Hindi etc)......Page 71 German/English, Persian, IA dialects......Page 72 2.12 Promotion of Indo-Europeanist Views......Page 73 2.13 Urdu/Hindi-DNA Scheme......Page 74 2.14 Chapter Summary......Page 75 3.1 West Asian Theater (Sumerians)......Page 77 3.1.2 Sumerian Lingustics......Page 79 3.1.3 Sumerian Vocabulary in Urdu/Hindi......Page 80 3.1.4 Sumerian Literature......Page 82 3.2 The Elamites and Proto-Elamo-Dravidian (PED)......Page 84 3.2.1 Elamite “Dravidian” Language of Iran......Page 86 3.3 Central Asian Polyglot (Earliest Aryan-IE)......Page 88 3.3.1 Languages (Hurrian, Hittite, etc.)......Page 91 3.4 Akkadian/Assyrian (Oldest Arabic)......Page 92 3.5 Earliest Persian......Page 95 3.6 Earliest Sanskrit (Vedic)......Page 96 3.7 Mesopotamian Phonetics and PIE......Page 97 3.9 Chapter Summary......Page 98 4.1 Pre-Austric Phase......Page 101 4.2 Austric People’s Culture and Language......Page 102 4.3 Religious and Cultural Contribution......Page 103 4.4 The Austric or Munda Language......Page 104 4.4.1 Munda and Its Dialects......Page 105 4.4.2 Linguistic Features......Page 106 4.5 Munda-Specific Vocabulary......Page 107 4.6 Munda Gender, Number and Syntax......Page 108 4.7 General Munda Vocabulary in Urdu/Hindi......Page 109 4.8 The Dravidian Phase and Its Contribution......Page 112 4.9 Middle Eastern Roots of Dravidian People......Page 113 4.10 Dravidian Religion and Culture......Page 114 4.11 Proto-Dravidian in Proto-Urdu......Page 115 4.13 First Hybrid-Mundravi (Proto-PKT/Urdu)......Page 116 4.14 Dravidian-Suffixes/Particles in Urdu......Page 117 4.15 Vocabulary Loans to Urdu/Hindi......Page 118 4.16 Dravidian Verbs in Urdu......Page 123 4.17 Sound Words (Onomatopoeia)......Page 124 4.18 Mundravi-Proto-Urdu......Page 125 4.19 Chapter Summary......Page 126 5.1 Written Religious Systems......Page 127 5.2 Hinduism or the Indian Religious System (IRS)......Page 128 5.3 March of Time (History)......Page 130 5.4 Sanskrit-Prakrit System......Page 132 5.5 Linguistics of SKT-PKT......Page 133 5.5.1 SKT’s Inflection and Evolution......Page 135 5.7 Loans into SKT......Page 136 5.8.1 SKT - Verbs......Page 138 5.8.5 Adjectives and Adverbs......Page 140 5.8.7 SKT’s Help in Grammar......Page 141 5.9 Literary Legacy of SKT......Page 142 5.10 Prakrit-Old Urdu/Hindi......Page 145 5.11 Lexical Evolution in Old Urdu/Hindi......Page 146 5.12 PKT-Pali Literature (World Class)......Page 147 5.14 Chapter Summary......Page 149 6.0 Introduction......Page 151 6.1 History’s March......Page 152 6.2 The Role of Arabic/Persian......Page 153 6.3 Arabic-Persian Contributions......Page 155 6.4 Arabic Verbs in Urdu/Hindi......Page 156 6.5 Persian Verbs in Urdu/Hindi......Page 158 6.6.3 Household Items/Environment......Page 159 6.6.7 Adjectives and Adverbs......Page 162 6.6.9 Adverbs, Pronominal and Qualifying Particles......Page 163 6.7 Plural Making/Grammar......Page 164 6.8 Persian Affixes......Page 165 6.9 A Glimpse of Arabic Literature......Page 166 6.10 Glimpse of Persian Literature......Page 168 6.11 Chapter Summary......Page 169 7.0 Introduction......Page 171 7.1 Evolving Hindiwi-Hindi and Dispersal......Page 173 7.2 Variety in Phonetics and Vocabulary......Page 174 7.3 Earliest Nagari-Hindi-Urdu......Page 175 7.4 Early Poets - Writers of the North......Page 177 7.4.3 Khusro-The Pioneer of the Term Hindi......Page 178 7.4.4 Some Religious-Liberals of Urdu/Hindi......Page 180 7.4.5 Some Secular Poets......Page 182 7.5 Gujrat and Urdu/Hindi......Page 184 7.6 Language of the South (Deccan)......Page 185 7.6.1 Deccani Sufi Poets......Page 186 7.7 Pre-Moghul Hindi and Urdu......Page 187 7.8 Chapter Summary......Page 188 8.1 Historical March - Babar to British (1500-1900)......Page 189 8.2 The Moghuls’ “Secular Cultural State”......Page 191 8.3 Urdu’s Dose of Turkish......Page 192 8.4 Urdu’s Place in the Moghul Phase......Page 193 8.6 Urdu: New Brand Name and Culture......Page 197 8.7 Urdu’s Linguistic Growth......Page 198 8.8 Poets and Poetry of the 18th Century - a Glimpse......Page 199 8.8.1 Poets and Poetry of South India......Page 200 8.8.2 Poets and Poetry of the North (East and West)......Page 201 8.8.4 Lucknow Poetry and Culture (18th-19th Century)......Page 204 8.8.5 Poets/Poetry of Other Places......Page 207 8.9 Prose: Indian Utility......Page 209 8.9.1 Religious Utility Prose......Page 210 8.9.2 Secular Prose......Page 212 8.10 Advent of Linguistic Separatism......Page 213 8.11 Chapter Summary......Page 214 9.0 Introduction......Page 215 9.2 The Europeans’ Love of India......Page 216 9.4 Aryanism’s Birth - The IE Family......Page 217 9.5 Communalism; Divide and Rule......Page 218 9.7 Prose Development......Page 219 9.7.2 Professors at FWC......Page 220 9.7.3 FWC - Authors and Publications......Page 222 9.8 Delhi College (DC)......Page 223 9.8.2 Some Faculty of DC......Page 224 9.8.3 Delhi Alumni’s Boost to Urdu......Page 225 9.9.1 Ghalib and Urdu Prose (1797-1869)......Page 226 9.10.1 Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)......Page 227 9.10.2 MAOC or Scientific Society and Urdu’s Growth......Page 229 9.10.3 Other (Non-MAOC) Scholars......Page 230 9.11 Regional Societies and Urdu Prose......Page 231 9.12.1 North Indian Poets......Page 233 9.12.3 Urdu Poetry of Suburbia/Village......Page 237 9.13 British Poets of Urdu......Page 238 9.14 19th Century Utility, Urdu......Page 240 9.15 Chapter Summary......Page 241 10.0 Introduction......Page 243 10.2 Hindi’s Seed in Bengal (at Fort William)......Page 244 10.3 Definition of Neo-Hindi......Page 246 10.4 Bengali’s Help in Hindi......Page 247 10.5 Hindi Writers of the 19th Century......Page 248 10.6 Hindi’s Growth......Page 250 10.7 Hindi Poetry......Page 252 10.8 Hindi Literacy and Journalism......Page 253 10.9.1 Love and Hate in the Aryan Family......Page 254 10.10 Hindi’s External Help......Page 257 10.11 Bengal vs. Hindustan......Page 258 10.12 Radicals of Hindi Movement......Page 261 10.13 Secular Conservative: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan......Page 263 10.14 Hindi-Urdu Duel......Page 264 10.14.1 Second Round 1870s......Page 266 10.14.4 Fifth Round 1900......Page 267 10.16 Chapter Summary......Page 268 11.0 Introduction......Page 271 11.2 Movers and Shakers, the Leaders......Page 272 11.3 Events, Episodes and Exhortations......Page 273 11.4 Progressive Writers’ Movement......Page 277 11.5 Urdu/Hindi Debacle and Follow-Up......Page 278 11.5.1 Gandhi’s Twins - Urdu/Hindi......Page 280 11.6 Stop Hindi/Urdu Debacle......Page 281 11.7 Shock and Recovery of Indian Urdu......Page 283 11.8 “Islamic Urdu” of Pakistan......Page 286 11.9 Divided Language of Divided Hearts......Page 289 11.10 Chapter Summary......Page 291 12.1 Modern Poets and Poetry......Page 293 12.2 Mushaira Culture......Page 301 12.3 Mushaira - Organizers - Poets......Page 303 12.4 Urdu Prose/Cultural Flow......Page 306 12.5 Chapter Summary......Page 311 13.1 Language Evolution and Streams......Page 313 13.2 Creativity and Substitution......Page 315 13.4 Modern Hindi Poetry......Page 319 13.4.1 Recent Poetry......Page 324 13.5 Hindi Prose......Page 326 13.6 Prose Literature (Life-of-Mind Prose)......Page 327 13.8 Islamic Credential of Hindi......Page 328 13.8.1 Hindi’s Religious Islamic Literature......Page 329 13.9 Hindi’s Arabic Phonemes/Demographic Shift......Page 330 13.10 Chapter Summary......Page 332 14.0 Introduction......Page 333 14.1 Film Language - Quality Control......Page 334 14.2 Birth of Drama/Stage......Page 335 14.3 Commercial Stage: Evolution......Page 336 14.4 Drama Academics......Page 337 14.5 Drama Anthology......Page 338 14.6 Urdu or Hindi of the Film World......Page 339 14.7 Film Titles and Politics......Page 340 14.8 Films and the Lucknow Urdu Accent......Page 341 14.9 Silver Screen Anthems/Songs......Page 342 14.10 Film Songs, Humanism/Devotionalism......Page 348 14.11 Film’s Vision: ‘Hindustaniat’ and Urdu......Page 349 14.12 Chapter Summary......Page 350 15.1 United Kingdom/Europe......Page 351 15.2 USA and Canada......Page 353 15.2.1 Urdu/Hindi - USA......Page 354 15.2.2 Language Centers/Authors......Page 355 15.2.4 Poetry and Mushaira Culture and Singers’ Concert......Page 357 15.2.5 American Poets of Urdu and Hindi......Page 358 15.3 Urdu/Hindi around the World......Page 362 15.5 Chapter Summary......Page 364 16.1 Myths About Writing......Page 365 16.2 A Time Line of Writing (Global)......Page 367 16.4 Phonetic Alphabets......Page 368 16.5 Earliest Alphabets......Page 369 16.7 Urdu’s Arabic Script......Page 371 16.7.1 Miniature Letters/Connectivity/Vowels......Page 374 16.8 Nagari (Hindi) Script......Page 375 16.10 Indian Writing System Syllabic/Alphabetic......Page 376 16.11 Politics of Scripts and Indus Valley......Page 378 16.12 Chapter Summary......Page 379 17.0 Introduction......Page 381 17.1 Linguists and the Church......Page 382 17.2 Mesopotamian Civilization......Page 384 17.3.2 Features of IE and Semitic......Page 386 17.3.3 Degeneration and Glotto Chronology......Page 387 17.4 Tatsam and Tad-Bhav: Dilemma/deceptions......Page 389 17.5 Mesopotamia Ancient Family (MAF)......Page 390 17.6 New Classification......Page 395 17.6.1 The New Classification: Three Grand Super-Families......Page 396 17.7.1 MEIA Cultural Dimension......Page 399 17.7.2 Linguistic Links MEIA......Page 402 17.8 Hindustani-South Asian or a Super Family......Page 403 17.9 Chapter Summary......Page 404 Bibliography......Page 407 Index......Page 415 In a blow against the British Empire, Khan suggests that London artificially divided Indias Hindu and Muslim populations by splitting their one language in two, then burying the evidence in obscure scholarly works outside the public view. All language is political and so is the boundary between one language and another. The author analyzes the origins of Urdu, one of the earliest known languages, and propounds the iconoclastic views that, Hindi came from pre-Aryan Dravidian and Austric-Munda, not from Aryans Sanskrit (which, like the Indo-European languages, Greek and Latin, etc., are rooted in the Middle East/Mesopotamia and not in Europe); Hindis script came from the Aramaic system, similar to Greek, and In the 1800s, the British initiated the divisive game of splitting one language in two, Hindi (for the Hindus) and Urdu (for the Muslims). These facts, he says, have been buried and nearly lost in turgid academic works. Khan bolsters his hypothesis with copious technical linguistic examples. This may spark a revolution in linguistic history! Urdu/ An Artificial Divide integrates the out of Africa linguistic evolution theory with the fossil linguistics of Middle East, and discards the theory that Sanskrit descended from a hypothetical proto-IndoEuropean language and by degeneration created dialects, Urdu/Hindi and others. It shows that several tribes from the Middle East created the hybrid by cumulative evolution. The oldest groups, Austric and Dravidian, starting 8000 B.C. provided the grammar/syntax plus about 60% of vocabulary, SKT added 10% after 1500 B.C. and Arabic/Persian 20-30% after A.D. 800. The book reveals Mesopotamia as the linguistic melting pot of Sumerian, Babylonian, Elamite, Hittite-Hurrian-Mitanni, etc., with a common script and vocabularies shared mutually and passed on to IE, SKT, DR, Arabic and then to Hindi/Urdu; in fact the author locates oldest evidence of SKT in Syria. The book also exposes the myths of a revealed SKT or Hebrew and the fiction of linguistic races, i.e. Aryan, Semitic, etc. The book supports the one world concept and reveals the potential of Urdu/Hindi to unite all genetic elements, races and regions of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. This is important reading not only for those interested to understand the divisive exploitation of languages in British-led Indias partition, but for those interested in - The science and history of origin of Urdu/Hindi (and other languages) - The false claims of linguistic races and creation - History of Languages and Scripts - Language, Mythology and Racism - Ancient History and Fossil Languages - British Rule and Indias Partition