Urban Groundwater Pollution (Iah Intl Contr. to Hydro, Vol 24, Iah-Ich24)

More than 50% of the world's population already live in cities, and the proportion is rising extremely rapidly towards developed country levels of more than 90%. Groundwater from wells is the major source of water supply for many of these cities, however, groundwater is polluted by the cities that overlie it and sewerage systems are often absent, or leak. Industrial landuse implies the use of large quantities of chemicals, and it is the poor disposal and accidental spillage of these chemicals which results in the contamination of virtually every industrial site in the world. Much of this pollution migrates deeper to damage groundwater. Groundwater has slow turnover time, often measured in decades and centuries, reducing the self-cleansing capacity. Urban aquifers are therefore vitally important but very fragile, easily damaged and slow to repair. Urban groundwater problems and solutions vary greatly around the world. Mature cities often have remote and clean water supplies, good sewerage systems, strict controls on groundwater and land use, and declining industries. However, they have a legacy of more than one hundred years of waste disposal and industrially-contaminated land which continues to cause problems. Rapidly urbanising cities are frequently dependent on local groundwater and have poor sanitation and uncontrolled industry. These factors present many immediate risks to human health. This book explains the nature and value of urban groundwater, discussing the types of pollutants that are found, and their sources. The unique aspect of this book is the in-depth discussion of six different urban environments, complete with case studies. These environments are: Mature industrial cities; Arid-zone cities; Weathered crystalline aquifers in sub-Saharan Africa; Cities overlying karst aquifers; Alluvial aquifer systems; Shallow aquifers in Mediterranean climates. The book discusses rapid urbanization of the developing world as it places greater pressure on city environments and its pace of growth outstrips the planning and control infrastructure. Easy access to groundwater makes it the main source of water for the world's population and places it at severe risk of pollution in cities because of the density of polluting activities, such as industrial plants, pipelines, sewers, landfills, etc. The issue of urban groundwater encapsulates many modern problems: sustainability, rapid urbanization and rising living standards, pollution prevention, inadequate data, and complex management issues of optional use of resources. The story of each city is different but some themes are common, such as climates, geology and development status. The book comprises two parts. The first part (Chapters 1-3) gives a view of urban development from the groundwater perspective; the disparate and conflicting values of groundwater for water supply, efficient disposal, amenity and ecology; and overviews pollutants by type and by source. Chapters 4-9 form the larger part of the book and deal with case studies of several cities to draw out the common threads across cultures and continents. Professional hydrogeologists, urban planners and water supply engineers, as well as students in these fields can use the book to provide a new perspective on the often damaging effects that cities have on their hidden but valuable groundwater. Fakhry A. Assaad, Consultant Geologist and Data, Analyst, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Book Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 CHAPTER 1 VALUES AND FUNCTIONS OF GROUNDWATER UNDER CITIES......Page 20 CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN GROUNDWATER......Page 48 CHAPTER 3 SOURCES, TYPES, CHARACTERISTICS AND INVESTIGATION OF URBAN GROUNDWATER POLLUTANTS......Page 72 CHAPTER 4 MATURE INDUSTRIAL CITIES......Page 128 CHAPTER 5 RAPIDLY-URBANISING ARID-ZONE CITIES......Page 152 CHAPTER 6 URBAN AREAS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA......Page 174 CHAPTER 7 CITIES OVERLYING KARST AND KARST-LIKE AQUIFERS......Page 200 CHAPTER 8 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN ALLUVIAL AQUIFER SYSTEMS......Page 224 CHAPTER 9 SHALLOW POROUS AQUIFERS IN MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES......Page 244 REFERENCES......Page 264 "This book, written by a UNESCO/IAH working group chaired by David Lerner of the University of Sheffield, explains the nature and value of urban groundwater. It discusses the types of pollutants that are found, and their sources. The unique aspect of this book is the in-depth discussion of six different urban environments, each with several case studies." --Book Jacket Explaining the nature and value of urban groundwater, this text, written by a UNESCO/IAH group, includes a detailed discussion of six urban environments ranging from mature industrial cities to weathered crystalline aquifers and arid-zone cities.