Urban Design and Planning for Age-Friendly Environments Across Europe: North and South: Developing Healthy and Therapeutic Living Spaces for Local Contexts (Future City, 19)

This book represents a multidisciplinary and international vision across different countries in Europe that are facing similar challenges about ageing and quality of life in present cities. It is divided in three main topics from the global context of health in cities and reduction of health inequities to the current research of different study cases, focusing on residential models and the relationship with the built environment. The third chapter illustrates best practices with some study cases from different cities in Europe. Friendlier environments for older people come together with the need of innovation, smart and updated technologies, healthier environments and mitigation of climate change. Health re-appears nowadays as one of the priorities for urban planning and design, not only for the communicable diseases and the effect of the pandemics, but also for the non-communicable diseases, that were also triggering the wellbeing and equity of our cities. Indeed, the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted health inequities and vulnerabilities of those areas of the city that were already deprived and facing other health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, social isolation, respiratory problems or mental health issues, specifically applying for vulnerable groups. Older adults have been one of the most affected groups from the pandemic’s threats and derived consequences. In this context, the care crisis arises intertwined with the design and planning of our cities, where there is an urgent need to regenerate our environments with a perspective of sustainability, inclusion, and health prevention and promotion. From the global urban challenges to the specific contextualisation of each city and study cases, each chapter offers an updated insight of the main questions that we should consider to address urban planning and design from the perspective of ageing and social inclusion in European cities. Foreword Cities That Care. The Dream of Life Acknowledgements Introduction Contents About the Editors and Contributors Editors Contributors Abbreviations Part I: The Post-pandemic City for Healthy Ageing and Wellbeing Chapter 1: Urban Planning and Health Equity. Integrating Global and European Perspectives in Local 1.1 Urban Planning and the Emergence of Health Equity Research: An Overview 1.1.1 From the Sanitary to Urban Social Movements 1.1.2 From Ottawa Charter to the Healthy Cities Movement: Paving the Way for Healthy Urban Planning 1.1.3 Advancing Urban Health Equity in the Sustainable Development Goals Era 1.1.4 Urban Health Equity: A Cross-Cutting Issue and Public Concern 1.2 Key Perspectives Informing Health Equity-Oriented Urban Planning 1.2.1 Frameworks Addressing the Systemic Nature of Urban Health Equity 1.2.2 Urban Health Indicator Tools Informing Assessment and Place-Based Interventions 1.2.3 Inclusive and Participatory Urban Planning: Engaging All Concerned Parties and Citizens Through Collaboration and Co-creation 1.2.4 Health Equity in All Policies: Breaking the Silos Through Policy Alignment, Accountability, and Participatory Governance 1.2.5 Innovative Urbanism: Urban Experimentation and Networking 1.2.6 New Urban Models: Changing the Urban Design for Health 1.3 Final Considerations and Challenges in Creating a Healthy City for All References Chapter 2: Social Innovation and Adaptability for Ageing in Place in Cities: A Comparison Between France and Japan 2.1 Introduction and Methodology 2.2 What Social Innovation Means in France and Japan? Positioning the Research 2.2.1 Social Innovation as a Part of Economic, Social and Political Systems 2.2.2 Social Innovation as a Disruptive Tool 2.2.3 Limitations of Social Innovation Theories 2.3 Selected Elements of Definition in a Comparison Context 2.4 Enabling Social Innovation in France and Japan and the Consequences on the Creation of an Inclusive Neighbourhood 2.4.1 Japanese Policies Favourable to Social Innovation 2.4.2 The Experience of a Participatory Action Research in France 2.5 Different Dynamics, Different Elderly References Chapter 3: Silver Cities: Attractive Cities for Elderly 3.1 Silver Cities Challenges 3.1.1 Demography Trends 3.1.2 Increased Demand for Social/Care Services. Social Security Collapse 3.1.3 Silver Economy Power 3.2 Why Elderlies Are Important? Why Making Our Cities More Age-Friendly? 3.2.1 Why Are They So Relevant and Cannot Be Left Apart? 3.2.2 Elderly as a Social Burden 3.2.3 Cities Must Transform Themselves: Adaptation to Elderly Friendly 3.2.4 Why Attractive Cities Should Retain Elderly 3.3 Main Hypothesis 3.3.1 Attractive for the Elderly Means Attractive for the Talented 3.4 Research 3.4.1 Survey 3.4.2 Panel 3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 4: Quality of Life, Living Arrangements, and Care Support for the Older Population 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Assessment of Quality of Life in Older People 4.1.2 Influence of Environment in Quality of Life of Older Adults 4.2 Living Arrangements 4.2.1 QoL and Community-Dwelling Older Adults 4.2.2 QoL of Older Adults Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities 4.3 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Active Ageing and Age-Friendly Communities: Constructing an Image of Old Age and Ageing 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Source and Methodology 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Semantic Content of Discourses on the Image of Old Age and Ageing 5.3.2 Construction of the Image of Old Age and Ageing 5.3.3 Active Ageing: Concept, Pillars, and Determinants Providing the Basis for Self-Image in Old Age 5.4 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 6: Comprehensive Perspective of Care Design for the Accompaniment of the Person During the Life Journey 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Purpose 6.3 Inclusive and Friendly Cities and Environments 6.4 Community Resources for Integrated Care 6.5 Nursing Homes and Living Like at Home 6.5.1 Etxean Ondo (2011–2014) 6.5.2 Instruments and Training to Foster PCC in Residential Care Settings 6.6 New Models of Long-Term Care Facilities: Usurbil Care Homes (2017–Present) 6.7 Discussion References Chapter 7: Resilient Cities and Built Environment: Urban Design, Citizens and Health. Learning from COVID-19 Experiences 7.1 Introduction 7.2 How Urban Space Slows or Accelerates the Spread of the Virus 7.2.1 Densities and Urban Forms 7.2.2 Socio-Spatial Equity, Territorial Justice 7.3 The Mediating Role of Urban Design in the Face of the Crisis 7.3.1 The Public Health Danger of Urban Sprawl 7.3.2 The Role of Green and Open Spaces 7.4 Advancing Urban Health Resilience Through Innovative and Adaptive Urban Planning 7.4.1 Tactical Urbanism: A Short-Term Tool for Long-Term Healthy Urban Planning 7.5 Conclusion References Part II: An Inclusive Environment: Alternatives and Challenges for Ageing in Place in North and South European Cities Chapter 8: Framework for Inclusive Residential Projects for All: Further Research Lines 8.1 The UK Housing Landscape 8.1.1 The New Spotlight on Relationships 8.1.2 Co-housing: Providing Support and Purpose 8.2 Housing That Works for All of Us 8.3 A New Appreciation of Family 8.4 The Mutual Benefit of Home Share 8.5 Discussion References Chapter 9: Housing for an Active Ageing: Learning and Outcomes from the Danish Paradigm and the Application to the Spanish Context Lugaritz Lifetime Homes in Donostia – San Sebastián 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Housing and Active Ageing: Two Converging Trends 9.1.2 The Housing for the Elderly Model: Definition and Types 9.1.3 Reality in Spain 9.2 Process 9.2.1 State of the Art 9.2.2 Participation and Stakeholders 9.3 Result: Lugaritz Lifetime Homes for the Elderly 9.3.1 Architectural Design Criteria 9.3.1.1 Homes 9.3.1.2 Common Areas and Common Rooms 9.3.1.3 Urban Environment 9.4 Future Challenges for Housing the Elderly References Chapter 10: Development and Management of Cohousing Initiatives for a Friendly Ageing in Spain 10.1 Introduction: Backgrounds and Objectives 10.2 Source and Methodology 10.3 Findings 10.3.1 Why Age in a Cohousing Environment? 10.3.2 A Lengthy Cohousing Development Period 10.3.3 The Members of the Promoter Group 10.3.4 Physical and Environmental Setting 10.3.5 Legal Framework and Form of Ownership and Use 10.3.6 Residential Facility Management and Participation 10.4 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 11: An Evidenced-Based Approach to Optimise Age-Care Facility Design for People with Dementia 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology and Methods 11.2.1 Choosing Building and Urban Performance Tools 11.2.2 Forming the Teaching Team 11.3 Evidence-Based Psycho-Spatial Effects on People with Dementia 11.3.1 Thermal Comfort for PwD 11.3.2 Daylight for PwD 11.3.3 Social Interaction Spaces 11.3.4 The Wandering Path 11.4 Mapping Contrasting Design Brief Requirements to an Operational Design Studio Framework 11.4.1 Pre-structural Level 11.4.2 Uni-structural Level 11.4.3 Multi-structural Level: Designing from Inside-Outside 11.4.4 Relational Level 11.5 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Thermal Comfort for Older Population in Spain: Diagnosis and Strategies for a Climate Change Scenario 12.1 The Environmental Challenges of an Increasingly Urban Planet 12.1.1 Urban Development in Times of Uncertainty 12.1.2 Resilient Cities, Healthy Cities 12.2 Recommendations and Strategies for Urban Intervention in the Twenty-First Century: Reference Documents and Methodology 12.2.1 Measures to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change in Urban Planning: Methodological Guide 12.2.2 City, Urbanism and Health 12.2.3 Selection of Strategies to Adapt to Climate Change so as to Cope with High Temperatures in the Spanish Context 12.3 Adaptation Measures, Taking into Account Thermal Comfort for the Elderly, in Order to Create Healthy Cities that Are Resilient to Climate Change 12.3.1 Public Spaces as a Vertebral Element 12.3.2 The Potential of Urban Green Spaces for the Thermal Comfort of the Elderly 12.4 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Use of Public Spaces by Older Adults. Comparison Among Madrid and Newcastle Upon Tyne 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methodology 13.2.1 Case Studies 13.3 Results and Discussion 13.4 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Greenery Urban Design for Good Mental Health. Analysis of a Vulnerable District of Madrid 14.1 Introduction: Preventing Mental Health Problems as a Major Public Concern 14.2 Background 14.2.1 The Impact of the Built Environment on Mental Health and the Role of Nature 14.2.2 Therapeutic and Restorative Spaces 14.3 Methodology 14.3.1 Vulnerability and Environmental Problems in the District of Usera 14.3.2 Green Infrastructure and the Built Environment 14.3.3 Care Facilities and the Relation Between Outdoor and Indoor Spaces 14.4 Discussion: Urban Green Spaces for Healthy Ageing and Well-Being 14.5 Conclusions References Chapter 15: Dementia-Friendly Communities and Challenges from Built Environment Design: The Belgian Case 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Dementia: A Worldwide Challenge 15.1.2 What Is Dementia? 15.1.3 Cognitive Impairment 15.1.4 Loss of Independence 15.1.5 Challenging Behaviour 15.1.6 Interventions and Approaches 15.2 Universal Design, Age-Friendly Communities and Dementia-Friendly Communities: What Is in a Name? 15.2.1 Universal Design 15.2.2 Age-Friendly Communities 15.2.3 Dementia-Friendly Communities: Living Well with Dementia 15.3 Designing for Dementia 15.3.1 Unobtrusively Reducing Risks 15.3.2 Providing a Human Scale 15.3.3 Allowing People to See and Be Seen 15.3.4 Reducing Unhelpful Stimulation 15.3.5 Optimising Helpful Stimulation 15.3.6 Supporting Movement and Engagement 15.3.7 Creating a Familiar Place 15.3.8 Providing Opportunities to Be Alone or with Others 15.3.9 Linking to the Community 15.3.10 Designing in Response to Vision for a Way of Life 15.4 Challenges 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16: The Covered Market Between Crossroads and Narration of Memories. A Brief Glimpse of an Italian Market and the Imagery That Runs Through It Between Past and Present 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Market of the Past and Market of the Future 16.3 The Ghost of Oral History 16.4 Between Memories and Silences 16.5 Conclusions References Chapter 17: Inclusive Innovation for Age-Friendly Environments. The Role of Living Labs Dynamics in Territories 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Living Lab Approaches for Co-designing Inclusive Innovation 17.2.1 The Multi-stakeholder Dynamic of Living Labs: The Role of User Involvement 17.2.2 The Collaborative Innovation Process and Co-design Methodologies to Include the Elderly 17.3 Methodology 17.3.1 The Design of the Research 17.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis 17.4 Results 17.4.1 The Specificities of Living Labs That Are Dedicated to Innovation for the Elderly 17.4.1.1 Institutional Roles in the Territory and Multi-stakeholder Network Dynamics 17.4.2 Forms of Value Creation 17.4.3 The Methodologies Used to Structure Inclusive Innovation Through Collaborative Approaches 17.4.3.1 The Methodologies to Involve the Elderly in Innovation Processes 17.4.3.2 Inclusive Innovation Projects in the Urban Field 17.5 Discussion 17.6 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Citizen Engagement: Inclusive Methodologies Towards Creating a City for all Ages 18.1 Elders Council of Newcastle 18.2 Older People as Researchers 18.2.1 House for Life (1999–2001) 18.2.2 Older Person-Friendly City (2003–2013) 18.3 Older People as Partners in Research and Practice 18.3.1 Growing Older in My Home and Neighbourhood (2014–Ongoing) 18.3.2 Future Homes (2016–Ongoing) 18.3.3 Older People as Commissioners of Research 18.4 Older People Empowering Older People 18.5 Conclusion References Part III: Study Cases, Future Lines of Research and Conclusions Chapter 19: Eleven Study Cases Across Europe 19.1 Belgium 19.2 United Kingdom 19.3 The Netherlands 19.4 Spain 19.5 Finland Chapter 20: Learning and General Principles for Healthy and Inclusive Design Considering Regional Context 20.1 Main Challenges for Addressing Urban Design from the Perspective of Healthy Ageing 20.2 Inclusive Environments for All Ages to Healthier and Better Quality Cities 20.3 Main Strategies to Be Implemented in Urban Planning and Design to Encourage Ageing in Place References Chapter 21: Conclusion and Recommendations for Further Work Index Introduction (Elisa Pozo Menéndez) -- Part 1. The post-pandemic city for healthy ageing and wellbeing -- Chapter 1. Urban planning and health equity. Integrating global and European perspectives in local (Ângela Freitas) -- Chapter 2. Social innovation and adaptability for ageing in place in cities: a comparison between France and Japan (Camille Picard) -- Chapter 3. Silver cities: attractive cities for elderly (Montserrat Calvo) -- Chapter 4. Quality of life, living arrangements and care support for the older population (Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez) -- Chapter 5. Active Ageing and Age-Friendly Communities: constructing an image of old age and ageing (Gloria Fernández-Mayoralas) -- Chapter 6. Comprehensive perspective of care design for the accompaniment of the person during the life journey (Álvaro García Soler) -- Chapter 7. Resilient cities and built environment. Urban design, citizens and health. Learning from COVID-19 experiences (Miguel Padeiro) -- Part 2. An inclusive environment: alternatives and challenges for ageing in place in North and South European Cities -- Chapter 8. Framework for inclusive residential projects for all: further research lines (Rose Gilroy) -- Chapter 9. Housing for an active ageing. Learning and outcomes from the Danish paradigm and the application to the Spanish context. Lugaritz Lifetime Homes in Donostia - San Sebastián (Heitor García Lantarón) -- Chapter 10. Development and Management of Cohousing Initiatives for a Friendly Ageing in Spain (Fermina Rojo-Pérez) -- Chapter 11. An evidence-based approach to optimize age-care facility design for People with Dementia (Neveen Hamza) -- Chapter 12. Thermal comfort for older population in Spain. Diagnosis and strategies for a climate change scenario (Emilia Román López) -- Chapter 13. Use of public spaces by older adults. Comparison among Madrid and Newcastle Upon Tyne (María Teresa Baquero Larriva) -- Chapter 14. Greenery urban design for good mental health. Analysis of a vulnerable district of Madrid (Elisa Pozo Menéndez) -- Chapter 15. Dementia-friendly communities and challenges from built environment design. The Belgian case (Veerle Baert) -- Chapter 16. The covered market between crossroads and narration of memories. A brief glimpse of an Italian market and the imagery that runs through it between past and present (Caterina Gallerani) -- Chapter 17. Inclusive innovation for age-friendly environments. The role of Living Labs dynamics in territories (Luciana Castro Gonçalves) -- Chapter 18. Citizen engagement: inclusive methodologies towards creating a city for all ages (Barbara Douglas) -- Chapter 19. Eleven study cases across Europe (Elisa Pozo Menéndez) -- Chapter 20. Learning and general principles for healthy and inclusive design considering regional context (Elisa Pozo Menéndez) -- Chapter 21. Conclusion and recommendations for further work (Elisa Pozo Menéndez)