Urban crisis : culture and the sustainability of cities

Unprecedented urban growth makes sustainability in cities a crucial issue for policy makers, scholars and business leaders. This emerging urban crisis challenges environment-based and economic-based approaches to sustainability, and brings to the forefront the multi-faceted and critical role that culture plays in ensuring that cities are viable for future generations. Culture provides fertile ground for new approaches to sustainable development at the local level. This study makes important contributions towards a theory on culture in sustainable cities, assesses the use of cultural indicators as a tool for policymakers, and includes useful case studies of four Asian cities. Urban crisis: Culture and the sustainability of cities......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 List of tables and figures......Page 9 List of contributors......Page 11 Preface......Page 14 List of acronyms......Page 16 Part I: Culture in sustainability of cities I......Page 19 1 Introduction......Page 21 Urbanizing Asia......Page 22 Urbanization and city formation: Features, issues, and unsustainability......Page 24 Imagining sustainable urbanization......Page 25 Studies on city, culture, and planning......Page 26 The Kanazawa Initiative......Page 27 Conclusion......Page 28 Notes......Page 29 What development implies......Page 31 Dawning of awareness......Page 32 Environmental concerns go global......Page 33 View of the environment......Page 34 Technology as key......Page 35 Sustainable development indicators......Page 36 Framework for sustainable development......Page 37 Genuine saving framework......Page 38 Culture in the sustainable development paradigm......Page 39 Sorting out some conceptual and definitional issues......Page 40 Evolution of culture as a concept......Page 41 Culture and economy......Page 46 UNESCO’s lead......Page 48 World Bank joins......Page 50 Lacking clear conceptualization......Page 51 Diverse perspectives......Page 52 Culture-centred sustainability......Page 53 Approaching a workable framework......Page 54 Cultural capital framework......Page 56 Nadarajah’s eight principles framework (‘‘sustainable enlightened localism’’)......Page 57 Focusing on culture......Page 59 Concluding remarks......Page 62 Notes......Page 63 Archie Kleingartner: Active cultural policy......Page 69 Sang-Chuel Choe: Reinstating cultural identity in local urban processes and built environment......Page 70 David Throsby: Economics and cultural capital......Page 71 Praful Pradhan: Nine principles of urban governance......Page 73 Paul Taylor: Civic culture......Page 74 Notes......Page 76 Part II: Four Asian case studies......Page 77 4 Introduction......Page 79 Introduction......Page 80 Why Patan?......Page 83 The Kirata towns......Page 86 Towns in the Lichchhavi period......Page 87 Malla towns: Larger in size and wider ritual mediation......Page 88 The legendary founding of Patan......Page 90 Patan in the Lichchhavi period......Page 91 Early medieval Patan......Page 92 The Malla Patan......Page 93 First cultural period......Page 95 Second cultural period......Page 97 Third cultural period......Page 100 Lessons from Patan’s past in the creative use of culture in urban sustainability......Page 104 Present moves towards transforming and creatively using cultural heritage......Page 106 Cultural heritage tourism......Page 107 Hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies......Page 108 Tourist peddlers (hawkers)......Page 109 Creative use of skills and culture: Product adaptation......Page 110 Moderating heterogeneity......Page 111 Recreating community participation......Page 112 Patan Conservation and Development Program......Page 113 Components of the Patan programme......Page 114 What is sustaining after the project?......Page 115 Creating pride in the past through adaptive reuse......Page 116 NGOs and CBOs in conservation: Patan Gate Visual Improvement......Page 117 Patan Tourism Development Organization: An NGO with a mission......Page 118 Conclusion......Page 119 Notes......Page 121 Introduction to Penang......Page 125 The governance discourse......Page 127 The Sustainable Penang Initiative: Local and global context......Page 128 The impact of the Sustainable Penang Initiative......Page 130 Repeal of the Rent Control Act......Page 132 Penang Heritage Trust......Page 133 The market discourse......Page 134 The (emergent) culturalist discourse......Page 135 Eight principles for a culture of sustainability......Page 137 Problems of local governance......Page 144 Conclusion: Heritage, culture, and sustainability......Page 145 Notes......Page 147 Introduction......Page 151 Cities and sustainability......Page 152 Culture and sustainable development......Page 153 Cities and culture......Page 154 Historical and cultural characteristics of Cheongju......Page 155 Cultural system and cultural sustainability......Page 159 Culture of sustainable urban development......Page 165 Local and global cultural interface......Page 168 Concluding remarks: A comparative view......Page 171 Notes......Page 173 Introduction: Background and framework to the study......Page 174 Historical development of the city of Kanazawa......Page 176 Coexistence of environment, culture, and economy: Endogenous development of Kanazawa......Page 178 Socio-cultural development of Kanazawa: The cultural policy and cultural creativity......Page 180 Towards a cultural mode of production......Page 183 Kanazawa: A creative and sustainable city – The main actors......Page 189 Indicators of the creative and sustainable city......Page 190 Notes......Page 192 The character of Kanazawa......Page 193 Measures undertaken by the local government......Page 195 History of Owaricho......Page 199 Conclusion......Page 202 Some common concerns......Page 204 Internal cultural transformation approach......Page 205 The multiculturalism and enlightened localism approach......Page 206 The cultural mode of production approach......Page 207 Conclusion......Page 208 Part III: Culture in sustainability of cities II......Page 209 Introduction......Page 211 Culture and cultural indicators......Page 213 Challenges in constructing cultural indicators......Page 215 Cultural statistics/indicators in some selected countries......Page 216 The political dimension of cultural indicators......Page 217 The work of international organizations on culture and development......Page 218 Urban culture and urban indicators......Page 220 Conceptual research in developing indicators......Page 222 Production and consumption of culture......Page 223 Discussion and conclusions......Page 225 Notes......Page 230 Byoung-E. Yang: Sustainable development indicators and cultural indicators......Page 232 Young-Chool Choi and Hyoung-Kee Kang: In search of cultural indicators for the city of Cheongju (Korea)......Page 234 Cultural indicators......Page 235 Cultural indicators employed to select ‘‘cultural local government of the year’’......Page 239 A narrative ordering for ‘‘culture in sustainability of cities’’......Page 241 Culture......Page 242 Culture and economic growth......Page 244 Governance......Page 245 Conclusion: The Kanazawa Initiative and the future of (Asian) cities......Page 246 Notes......Page 247 Organization of World Heritage Cities......Page 248 International Centre for Sustainable Cities......Page 249 Sustainable Cities Research Institute......Page 250 The Urban Governance Initiative (TUGI)......Page 251 The Sustainable Cities Initiative: Putting the City at the Centre of Public-Private Infrastructure Investment......Page 252 Asian Coalition for Housing Rights......Page 253 The SUSTRAN Network......Page 254 Index......Page 255 List of tables and figures vii List of contributors ix Preface xii List of acronyms xiv Culture in sustainability of cities I 1 Introduction M. Nadarajah Ann Tomoko Yamamoto 3 Cultural frameworks Ratna S. J. B. Rana Awais L. Piracha 13 Voices I 51 Four Asian case studies 59 Introduction Sudarshan Raj Tiwari M. Nadarajah Sang-Chuel Choe Masayuki Sasaki Shigekazu Kusune 61 Transforming cultural heritage into sustainable future: A case study of Patan, Nepal Sudarshan Raj Tiwari 62 Culture of sustainability: Multicultural reality and sustainable localism - A case study of Penang (George Town), Malaysia M. Nadarajah 107 Creating cultural identity for sustainability: A case study of Cheongju, Korea Sang-Chuel Choe 133 Towards an urban cultural mode of production: A case study of Kanazawa, Japan, I Masayuki Sasaki 156 Sustainability in a traditional castle city: A case study of Kanazawa, Japan, II Shigekazu Kusune 175 Common themes and differences: Approaches to culture in sustainability ofcities M. Nadarajah 186 Culture in sustainability of cities II 191 Approaches to cultural indicators Sang-Chuel Choe Peter J. Marcotullio Awais L. Piracha 193 Voices II 214 Conclusion M. Nadarajah 223 List of selected organizations working on sustainable urbanization issues (with a web presence) 230 Index 237 Culture In Sustainability Of Cities I -- Introduction / M. Nadarajah And Ann Tomoko Yamamoto -- Cultural Frameworks / Ratna S.j.b. Rana And Awais L. Piracha -- Voices I -- Four Asian Case Studies -- Introduction -- Transforming Cultural Heritage Into Sustainable Future: A Case Study Of Patan, Nepal / Sudarshan Raj Tiwari -- Culture Of Sustainability: Multicultural Reality And Sustainable Localism - A Case Study Of Penang (george Town), Malaysia / M. Nadarajah -- Creating Cultural Identity For Sustainability: A Case Study Of Cheongju, Korea / Sang-chuel Choe -- Towards An Urban Cultural Mode Of Production: A Case Study Of Kanazawa, Japan, I / Masayuki Sasaki -- Sustainability In A Traditional Castle City: A Case Study Of Kanazawa, Japan, Ii / Shigekasu Kusune -- Common Themes And Differences: Approaches To Culture In Sustainability Of Cities / M. Nadarajah -- Culture In Sustainability Of Cities Ii -- Approaches To Cultural Indicators / Sang-chuel Choe, Peter J. Marcotullio, And Awais L. Piracha -- Voices Ii -- Conclusion / M. Nadarajah -- Appendix I: Organizations Working On Sustainable Urbanization Issues (with A Web Presence) -- Index -- List Of Tables And Figures. Edited By M. Nadarajah And Ann Tomoko Yamamoto. Unu-ias; Ishikawa International Cooperation Research Centre--p. Facing T.p. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Offers fresh insights into the role of culture in fostering community development, environmental awareness, and balanced economic growth. This work includes useful case studies of Patan, Nepal; Penang, Malaysia; Cheongju, South Korea; and Kanazawa, Japan.