Urban and Transit Planning : Towards Liveable Communities: Urban Places and Design Spaces

This book incorporates a wealth of research focused on the more and more urgent challenges that urban planning and architectural design all over the world must cope with: from climate change to environmental decay, from an increasing urban population to an increasing poverty. In detail, this book aims at providing innovative approaches, tool and case study examples that, in line with the agenda of 2030, may better drive human settlements toward a sustainable, inclusive and resilient development. To this aim, the book includes heterogeneous regional perspectives and different methodologies and suggests development models capable of limiting further urban growth and re-shaping existing cities to improve both environmental quality and the overall quality of life of people, also taking account the more and more close relationships among urban planning and technological innovation. Scientific Committee Preface Introduction Contents Past and Future: City’s Image and Preservation 1 The Comparison Between Waterfront Space Renewal: Taking Shantang Business Street and San Antonio River as Examples Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Problems with Urban Waterfront Spaces and Examples 2.1 The Problems with Urban Waterfront 2.2 Suzhou Urban Water System as an Example 2.3 San Antonio River as an Example 3 Strategies for Solving Problems with urban Waterfront Spaces 3.1 Universal Strategies 3.2 Strategies of SBWSR 3.3 Strategies of SARIP 4 Comparison of the Strategies 4.1 A Comparison of the Relationship Between Project and Urban Areas 4.2 Comparison of the Implementation of River Renewal 4.3 Comparison of Cultural Strategies 4.4 Comparison of Economic Strategies 4.5 Comparison of Ecological Strategies 5 Summary 6 Conclusion References 2 Past and Future: The Urban Landscape and the Virtuous Management of Resource Flows for a Sustainable Environment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion. Planning Strategies and Operational Tools for Managing Resource Flows in Urban Centres 3.1 Organic Fraction 3.2 Cellulose Fraction 3.3 Plastic Fraction 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 3 Territorial Identity and Sustainable Tourism; Resurrection of a Ghost Town: The Vernacular Town of Zriba Oliya as a Case Study Abstract 1 The Vernacular Village of Zriba Oliya 1.1 Itinerary 1.2 The Prosperous Zriba 1.3 Morpho-Degenartion in Zriba Oliya 2 Tourism and Sustainable Development; New Alternative to Zriba Oliya 2.1 Sustainable Tourism 2.2 Sustainable Tourism for Sustainable Territorial Development 3 Zriba Oliya Ghost Town Recovery Plan 3.1 Restoration of the Mosque 3.2 Restoration of the Mausoleum 3.3 Clearance of Roads and Plots 3.4 The Signage 3.5 Creation of a Reception Structure 3.6 The Organization of Cultural Events 3.6.1 Cultural Activities 3.6.2 Sports 3.6.3 Creativity Fostering Framework References 4 Toward an Inclusive City-System and User’s-Oriented Interventions: Udine (IT), A Case Study Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 State of the Art 2 Methods 2.1 Users and Elements for Urban Analysis 2.2 Urban H.C.D. Method 3 Analysis, Synthesis, and Objective Mapping 3.1 Subjective Mapping 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 5 Transformative Actions in the Boston Harbor: Lessons Learned from Past Projects Toward a Resilient and Sustainable Urban Future Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background and Historical Context 2.1 The Resilient Boston Harbor Vision 2.2 Boston Harbor and Waterfront Transformation 2.3 The Climate Ready Boston Analysis and Initiative 2.4 Physical and Social Resilience 3 Main Challenges in Implementing Resilience 3.1 District Scale Climate Solutions 3.2 Implementation Challenges 4 Case Studies 4.1 Methodology 4.2 The Boston Harbor Cleanup 4.2.1 Civic Activism 4.2.2 Governance and Funding 4.2.3 Co-Benefits 4.3 The Central Artery 4.3.1 Civic Activism 4.3.2 Governance and Funding 4.3.3 Co-Benefits 4.4 Main Benefits and Takeaways 5 Discussion: Lesson Learned 5.1 Civic Activism, Public Participation, and Moving the Project Towards Implementation 5.2 Setting up Institutions with Agency and Governance Framework 5.3 Innovative Funding and Financing Mechanism 6 Conclusion References 6 Evaluation of Mitigation Strategies of the Urban Heat Island Effect in Mediterranean Area. The Case Study of Largo Annigoni in Florence (Italy) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 The Case Study 3.1 Largo Annigoni Before and After the 2019 Renovation 3.2 Master Students Design Proposal 4 Simulation Model 5 Results 5.1 Atmospheric Temperature, PMV, and PET Index 5.2 Detailed Analysis of Hourly Temperature Profile 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 7 Linear Cities as an Alternative for the Sustainable Transition of Urban Areas in Harmony with Natural Environment Principles Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Linear Cities Concept Outline—From La Ciudad Lineal to Dynopolis 3.1 Early Linear Cities 3.2 The Athens Charter 3.3 Modernist Tendencies in Linear Cities Arrangements 3.4 Linear Tokyo of 60s by Kenzo Tange 3.5 Linear Development System by Oscar Hansen—LSC (Poland) 4 Futuristic Vision of the Linear City Concept. Road Towns—The Modification of the Linear City Concept 5 Results and Discussion 6 Summary References City Planning: Urbanization and Development 8 Analysis of Quality Public Space—Case Study: Campus 2 State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Theory 3 Method 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References 9 Understanding the Role of Slums as ‘Poverty Traps’ or ‘Springboards’: A Case Comparison of India and Latin America Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Slums—A General Introduction 3.1 Slum Theories 3.2 Methods of Slum Enumeration and Poverty Studies 4 The Indian Context 4.1 The Case of Mumbai 4.2 The Case of Bangalore 4.3 The Case of Delhi 5 Slums Elsewhere 5.1 Case of Rio De Janeiro 5.2 Case of Bangladesh 6 Critical Analysis 6.1 Comparitive Analysis of Cases 6.2 Country Comparison 6.3 Method of Identifying Progress or Regress 6.4 Answering the Research Question 7 Recommendations 8 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 10 Changes in Urban Planning and Recommendation for Future Planning in Ho Chi Minh City Abstract 1 Introduction 2 General History of Urban Planning Development of the City 2.1 Nguyen Dynasty Period—Before 1859 2.2 1859–1954, French Colony Era 2.3 1975–1990, After Civil War 2.4 Until Now 3 Urban Planning in Ho Chi Minh City 3.1 Current Urban Planning Status in HCMC 3.2 Existing Central Issues of Urban Plans 3.2.1 Megacities Divided to the Central Area and Satellites Around Plan the High Density Sprawl Result 3.2.2 The Disparity of Population Growth in Plan and Real Statistics 3.2.3 Unstable Urban Planning Development Direction and Transportation Policies 3.2.4 Impact of Climate Change and Flooding 4 Proposals and Recommendations for Future Planning Solutions 4.1 Connect Land Use and Urban Development Planning 4.2 Overall Travel Demand 4.3 Suggestions for Building Construction for Climate-Responsive Neighborhoods 5 Conclusion References 11 The Impact of Public Participation on Implementing Landscape Urbanism Projects Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Landscape Urbanism Project Identification 1.2 Phases of Landscape Urbanism Projects 1.3 Identifying Public Participation 2 Public Participation Domains Within an Urban Context 2.1 Generating Ideas 2.2 Providing Required Information 2.3 Resolving Identified Conflicts 2.4 Measuring Public Opinions and Reviewing the Proposals 2.5 Participating in the Construction, Operation, and Management Processes 3 Methods of Public Participation in Landscape Urbanism Projects 4 Exploited Reviewed Cases for Public Participation in Landscape Urbanism Projects 4.1 Parc De La Villette, Paris, France 4.2 Al Azhar Park, Cairo, Egypt 5 A Potential Node for Applying Public Participation for Landscape Urbanism Spreading 5.1 The Landfill Urban Context 5.2 The Suggested Public Participation Interference 6 Conclusion References 12 Defining Sustainable Involuntary Resettlement Policies for Project-Affected Women Through Qualitative Review—A Case of Mumbai, India Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 The Primary Gender Issues of the Policy 4 Unit of Analysis 5 Results and Discussion 6 Sustainable Resettlement for Project-Affected Women 7 Concluding Remarks References 13 A Critical Review of the Villes Sans Bidonvilles Programme in Morocco: Lessons to Be Learned Towards Inclusive Urban Growth Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Approaches and Programmes Targeting Informal Settlements: The International Framework 2.1 Solutions for Informal Settlements 2.2 Metropolitanisation Process in Morocco 3 Villes Sans Bidonvilles Programme 3.1 Origin of the Programme 3.2 VSB Strategies and Innovations for Habitat Policies 3.3 Social Housing Authority and Social Assistance 3.4 Funding Issues 4 What Did not Work? Issues in the Programme Fifteen years After Its Launch 5 Conclusion Attributions References 14 In-Between Spaces in the Expanding City: Their Role in Designing New Urban Centralities Abstract 1 Introduction 2 In-Between Spaces and ... 2.1 Borders 2.2 In-Between Spaces 2.3 In-Between Cities 2.4 Espèces D'espaces 3 In-Between Spaces: Rhythms, Borders and Evolution 3.1 Worthless Spaces or New Centralities? 3.2 A New, But Old, Philosophy of Urban Design 3.3 Urban Design Suggestions for the In-Between City 3.4 Design in the In-Between City 4 Epilogue Acknowledgements References 15 Sustainable Regenerative Strategies for the Inner Areas: An Example of “Civic Design” in Marradi (Tuscany) Abstract 1 Introduction. Urban Regeneration for the Relaunch of Inner Areas in Italy 2 The Con.Marradi Project 2.1 Reference Context 2.2 Project Strategies 3 Actions for Sustainable Regeneration 3.1 Civic Participation 3.2 Universal Design 3.3 Walkability 3.4 Energy from Renewable Sources 3.5 Nature-Based Solutions 4 Conclusions References 16 The Use of Semi-public Spaces as Urban Space and Evaluation in Terms of Urban Space Quality Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Urban Public Spaces 3 The Change of Public Spaces at the Present Time 4 Semi-public Spaces 4.1 Kinds of Semi-public Spaces and Their Use as Urban Spaces 5 Public Space Quality and Parameters 6 Space Quality in Semi-public Spaces 7 Conclusion References 17 Rethinking Residential Neighborhood in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Jane Jacobs’s Urban Design Principles for Improving Livability Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Urban Design Principles of Jane Jacobs 2.1 Social Dimension: Safety, Interaction, and Privacy 2.2 Physical Dimension: Mixed-Use, Street, and Public Space 3 Jane Jacobs’s Relevance in the Context of Dhaka 4 Description and Analysis of the Study Area 4.1 Present Condition of Dhanmondi 4.2 Social Dimension 4.3 Physical Dimension 4.3.1 Public Space and Street 4.3.2 Diversity Generator Mixed Primary Uses Block Size Mixed-Age Building Concentration/High Density of Residents 5 Recommendation for Future Development 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 18 Socio-Economic and Political Dimensions and Their Impact on the Urban Form of the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Region Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 The Colonial Period: From a Tin Mining Settlement to a National Capital 4 The Post-Independence Period 5 The Mahathir Period (1981–2003) 5.1 The Notion of Neoliberalism 5.2 Neoliberalism in Malaysia 6 The Twenty-First Century: March Towards a Global City 7 Conclusions References Urban Form and Sustainable Development 19 The Advance of the Concept of Sun-Breakers and Smart Solar Screens Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Hypothesis 1.2 The Research Problem 1.3 The Research Objective 1.4 The Research Importance 1.5 Research Methodology 1.6 The Research Axes 2 Single-Skin Facades System 2.1 Sun-Breakers 2.1.1 Rating the External Sun-Breakers 3 Double-Skin Facades System 3.1 The Definition of Dual Facade 3.2 Double Skin Facades System 3.2.1 The Concept of Dual-Cover Facade 3.2.2 Rating Types of Dual Facades Dual-Cover Facade Types According to the Type of the System of Ventilation Types of Dual-Faced, According to the Division of the Façade The Modes of Ventilation of the Cavity Classification of Double Skin Facade Systems by Type Integrated Systems Facades 4 The Protection from the Sun and the Solar Screens 4.1 Solar Screens 4.2 The Solar Screens as an Input to Designing Facades 4.3 Smart Solar Screens 4.3.1 Dynamic Façade References 20 From Teaching to Entrepreneurial Pedagogy: Preservation of Territorial Heritage Through Design Thinking Abstract 1 Introduction 2 A Master’s Degree in Design for the Sustainable Development of Artisanal Productions 2.1 Pedagogical Objectives 2.2 Pedagogical Expectations 3 Project Method: The Situation-Based Approach 3.1 The Approach’s Outcome for Teachers 3.2 The Approach’s Outcome for the Students 4 Case Studies 5 Discussion and Conclusion References 21 Housing Development in the Town of Mansoura Northern Badia of Jordan Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Background 2.1 Cultural Framework 2.2 Socio-Cultural Framework 2.3 Spatial Framework 2.4 Research Setting—Al-Mansoura Town 3 Field Interviews 4 Discussion and Conclusions—Design Challenges and Outcomes 4.1 Housing Unit Design 4.2 Site Planning 4.2.1 Site Selection 4.2.2 Site Development and Design Strategies 4.2.3 Layout and Site Design Acknowledgements References 22 Home-Based Enterprises: The Case of Powerlooms in Bhiwandi, India Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Bhiwandi—Manchester of India 2 Objectives 3 Research Methodology 4 Scope and Limitation 5 Powerloom as Home-based Enterprises 5.1 Powerloom as Intermediate Technology of Weaving 5.2 Events in Growth of Powerlooms 6 Manufacturing and Production Process in Powerloom 7 Acts and Policy 8 Growth of Bhiwandi 9 Demographic and Industrial Profile 10 Development Plan (DP) and Development Control and Regulations (DCR) 10.1 Development Plan 10.2 Development Control Rules and Regulation 11 Housing Situation, Infrastructure, Environment and Health 11.1 Housing Situation in Bhiwandi 11.2 Infrastructure and Facilities 11.3 Environmental and Health Issues 12 Case Studies 12.1 Development Plan and Land Use 12.2 Socio-Economic Status of Workers and Owners 12.3 Entrepreneurial Activity and Housing Characteristics 12.4 Physical and Social Infrastructure 12.5 Pollution and Health Issues 13 Recommendations 13.1 Upgradation for Existing Settlement 13.2 Redevelopment Strategy for Existing Settlement 13.3 Future Development Strategy Acknowledgements References 23 Pandemic Spread in Metropolitan Cities of India—Spatial Planning Factors Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Brief Account of COVID-19 Pandemic Spread in India 1.2 Pandemic Spread in the Metropolitan Cities of India 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Study Area: City-Wise Spread Details 2.1.1 Mumbai 2.1.2 Ahmedabad 2.1.3 New Delhi 2.1.4 Chennai 3 Discussion and Results 3.1 Identification of Spatial Planning Factors 4 Suggestions 5 Conclusion References 24 Compact Cities and Land Reform; The Case of South African Cities Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 The Context 3.1 South African Cities and Cities of the Global South 3.2 Suburbia, Urban Sprawl and Polycentric Cities 3.3 Compaction, Density and Diversity 3.4 Sustainable Cities and Buildings 3.5 Neoliberalism and the Aggregation of Space 3.6 Displacement and Forced Removals 3.7 Development Policies 3.8 The Constitution and Rights 3.9 Case Study of Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town 4 Three Major Urban Centres in South Africa 4.1 Johannesburg and Pretoria, The Gauteng Conurbation 4.2 Durban 4.3 Cape Town 5 Discussion 5.1 Compact Cities and Land Reform 5.2 Contextual Issues 5.3 Disaggregation and a Variety of Housing Typologies 6 Conclusion References 25 Civic Design to Make Cities More Sustainable and Resilient Abstract 1 Holistic Land Management: Challenge or Chimera? 2 Physical Planning and Urban Design as Tools for Sustainable Adaptation and Mitigation 3 Resilience as an Opportunity for Integrated Urban Planning and Design 3.1 The Interpretation of the Emscher Park Regeneration Project as Capital Design 3.2 Rethinking Urban Space for Climate Resilience: The New Frontier of Civic Design 4 Conclusions References