Update on the Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis - Gastroenterology Clinics of North America Vol 33 Issue 3

Cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 2 Epidemiology and transmission......Page 5 Serologic and virologic tests......Page 7 Natural history......Page 9 Laboratory evaluation and histology......Page 10 Radiographic tests......Page 11 Antiviral therapy......Page 12 Nutrition......Page 13 Over the counter medications/vitamins......Page 15 Summary......Page 16 References......Page 17 Treatment of the hepatitis C virus in patients coinfected with HIV......Page 20 Hepatitis C virus viral replication in the setting of HIV......Page 21 Impact of hepatitis C virus on HIV infection: implications for hepatitis C virus therapy......Page 22 Priority of antiviral therapy in the hepatitis C virus/HIV coinfected individuals......Page 24 Hepatitis C virus therapy in HIV coinfected individuals......Page 25 Interferon monotherapy......Page 26 Standard interferon and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 27 Pegylated interferon (peginterferon) and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 28 Liver transplantation in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected individuals......Page 30 References......Page 31 Antiviral therapy for treatment naive patients with hepatitis C virus......Page 38 Historical perspective......Page 39 Combination therapy of interferon with ribavirin......Page 41 Pegylated alfa interferon monotherapy......Page 42 Pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 44 Early virological response......Page 45 Adherence to treatment......Page 47 Adverse effect management......Page 49 References......Page 50 Rates of relapse......Page 53 Mechanisms of relapse......Page 54 Retreatment of interferon monotherapy relapsers with interferon and ribavirin......Page 55 Factors predicting sustained virologic response in prior relapsers......Page 57 Treatment of patients who have relapsed after interferon and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 58 Adjunctive therapies for patients who have relapsed after interferon and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 60 Approach to the retreatment of patients who relapse after interferon and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 61 Treatment of patients who have relapsed after pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy......Page 62 Summary......Page 63 References......Page 64 Antiviral therapy in previously untreated patients......Page 67 Identification of prior nonresponders......Page 68 Predictors of response to combination antiviral therapy......Page 69 Selection of prior nonresponders for retreatment......Page 71 Pegylated interferon and ribavirin in prior nonresponders......Page 72 Natural history of nonresponders......Page 74 Maintenance pegylated interferon in prior nonresponders......Page 75 Maintenance pegylated interferon trials......Page 78 Antifibrotics......Page 80 Antitumor necrosis factor antibodies......Page 81 Protease and polymerase inhibitors......Page 82 References......Page 83 Hepatitis C virus antiviral therapy in patients with cirrhosis......Page 88 Influence of antiviral therapy on fibrosis progression......Page 89 Antiviral therapy in patients with compensated hepatitis c-related cirrhosis......Page 90 Safety of antiviral therapy in patients with compensated cirrhosis......Page 94 Antivirals in decompensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis......Page 95 Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation......Page 97 Summary......Page 98 References......Page 99 Natural history......Page 102 Assessment and monitoring......Page 105 Selection of patients for treatment......Page 106 Role of hepatitis B virus genotypes......Page 107 Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma......Page 109 Treatment goals......Page 110 Tenofovir......Page 111 Amdoxovir......Page 113 Summary......Page 114 References......Page 115 Antiviral therapy for treatment-naıve hepatitis B virus patients......Page 119 Definitions of responses to antiviral therapy......Page 120 Hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients......Page 121 Hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients......Page 122 Lamivudine (3TC, Epivir)......Page 123 Hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B......Page 124 Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B......Page 125 Lamivudine resistance......Page 126 Hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B......Page 128 Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B......Page 129 Combination therapy......Page 130 Combined nucleoside/nucleotide analogues......Page 131 Current treatment recommendations......Page 132 References......Page 134 Defining nonresponders......Page 138 Interferon......Page 139 Lamivudine......Page 140 Combination interferon and ribavirin......Page 142 Combination lamivudine and interferon......Page 143 Therapy for patients with lamivudine-resistant mutants......Page 145 Interferon......Page 146 Entecavir......Page 147 Summary......Page 148 References......Page 149 Treatment of hepatitis B virus infection in patients coinfected with HIV......Page 154 Interferon alfa......Page 155 Lamivudine......Page 156 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate......Page 159 Summary......Page 161 References......Page 162 Antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis......Page 165 Interferon-alfa......Page 166 Interferon-alfa for hepatitis B e antigen-positive compensated cirrhosis......Page 167 Interferon-alfa for hepatitis B e antigen-negative, hepatitis B virus DNA-positive (precore mutant) compensated cirrhosis......Page 168 Impact of interferon-alfa on preventing hepatocellular carcinoma......Page 170 Interferon-alfa in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus and decompensated liver disease......Page 172 Lamivudine......Page 175 Lamivudine for compensated hepatitis b virus-related cirrhosis......Page 176 Lamivudine in decompensated cirrhosis and impact on need for liver transplantation......Page 177 Lamivudine as part of combination prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients......Page 181 Adefovir dipivoxil in hepatitis B virus-related liver disease......Page 182 New antiviral agents......Page 183 Summary......Page 184 References......Page 185 Hepatitis B......Page 191 Hepatitis C......Page 193 Therapy of hepatitis C in dialysis patients......Page 195 Therapeutic options for hepatitis C virus-related liver disease in dialysis population......Page 196 Role of peginterferon......Page 197 Treatment of hepatitis C in renal transplant candidates: results after renal transplant......Page 198 Treatment of hepatitis B-related liver disease in dialysis patients......Page 199 Treatment of hepatitis B-related liver disease after renal transplant......Page 200 Treatment of hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis......Page 201 References......Page 204 Identification of "at-risk" population......Page 207 Chronic hepatitis B......Page 208 Chronic hepatitis C......Page 209 Treated chronic viral hepatitis......Page 210 Serological tests......Page 211 Surveillance interval......Page 213 Investigation of abnormal surveillance results......Page 214 Tissue diagnosis......Page 215 Algorithm for investigation of initially abnormal surveillance tests......Page 216 Enhanced follow-up......Page 217 Resection......Page 218 Local ablation......Page 219 Liver transplantation......Page 220 Palliative therapy......Page 221 References......Page 222 Antiviral therapy: role in the management of extrahepatic diseases......Page 228 Glomerulonephritis......Page 229 Cryoglobulinemia......Page 231 Lymphoma......Page 232 Diabetes mellitus......Page 234 Porphyria cutanea tarda......Page 235 Thyroid disorder......Page 236 Summary......Page 237 References......Page 238 Preface......Page 244 Treating hepatitis C: the state of the art......Page 246 Current treatment recommendations......Page 247 Side effects of treatment......Page 248 Summary......Page 251 References......Page 252 Adherence to combination therapy: influence on sustained virologic response and economic impact......Page 255 Effect of adherence and dose maintenance on sustained virologic response......Page 256 Dose reduction and discontinuation because of side effects......Page 259 Improving treatment adherence in clinical practice......Page 261 Relationship between sustained virologic response and quality of life......Page 263 Evaluating cost effectiveness of anti-hepatitis C virus therapy......Page 264 Summary......Page 265 References......Page 266 Role of epoetin alfa in maintaining ribavirin dose......Page 269 Thrombocytopenia......Page 271 Anemia......Page 272 Treatment adherence and sustained virologic response......Page 274 Epoetin alfa and treatment-induced anemia......Page 275 References......Page 277 Neuropsychiatric side effects of HCV therapy and their treatment: focus on IFN alpha-induced depression......Page 280 Hepatitis C and depression......Page 281 Interferon alpha-induced depression......Page 282 Etiology of interferon alpha-induced depression......Page 284 Treatment of interferon alpha-induced depression......Page 286 Interferon alpha treatment in patients who have active psychiatric illnesses......Page 287 Veterans Administration hepatitis C treatment recommendations......Page 288 Summary......Page 290 References......Page 291 Future trends in managing hepatitis C......Page 294 Adherence and viral testing......Page 295 Novel interferons/cytokines and interferon delivery methods......Page 296 Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors......Page 297 Other adjuvant immunomodulatory agents......Page 298 Hepatitis C virus enzyme inhibitors......Page 299 Short interfering RNAs......Page 300 Vaccines......Page 301 References......Page 302