Unsettling Utopia: The Making and Unmaking of French India (Columbia Studies in International and Global History)

After India achieved independence from the British in 1947, there remained five scattered territories governed by the French imperial state. It was not until 1962 that France fully relinquished control. Once decolonization took hold across the subcontinent, Western-led ashrams and utopian communities remained in and around the former French territory of Pondicherry—most notably the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and the Auroville experimental township, which continue to thrive and draw tourists today. Unsettling Utopia presents a new account of the history of twentieth-century French India to show how colonial projects persisted beyond formal decolonization. Through the experience of the French territories, Jessica Namakkal recasts the relationships among colonization, settlement, postcolonial sovereignty, utopianism, and liberation, considering questions of borders, exile, violence, and citizenship from the margins. She demonstrates how state-sponsored decolonization—the bureaucratic process of transferring governance from an imperial state to a postcolonial state—rarely aligned with local desires. Namakkal examines the colonial histories of the Aurobindo Ashram and Auroville, arguing that their continued success shows how decolonization paradoxically opened new spaces of settlement, perpetuating imperial power. Challenging conventional markers of the boundaries of the colonial era as well as nationalist narratives, Unsettling Utopia sheds new light on the legacies of colonialism and offers bold thinking on what decolonization might yet mean. Jessica Namakkal is assistant professor of the practice in international comparative studies; gender, sexuality, and feminist studies; and history at Duke University. "Unsettling Utopia looks to French India, five territories held by the French scattered throughout the South Asian subcontinent, to explore the connections between colonialism, settlement, border-making, decolonization, citizenship, and utopian place-making. Historian Jessica Namakkal begins with the early days of colonization in French Pondicherry, "The Paris of India," and traces the unusual tensions between European colonial powers looking to remake India in their own image. Later, she explores how after formal decolonization took hold across the subcontinent, Western-led ashrams and utopian communities that remained--most notably the Sri Aurobindo community near Pondicherry--came to exercise a form of de-facto colonization that lasts to the present day. Drawing on a mix of original archival research and contemporary ethnography, this book uniquely repositions an understudied colonial encounter to shed new light on the legacies of colonialism"-- Provided by publisher Introduction : On minor borders and colonial time -- Chapter 1 : Carceral borders: exile, surveillance, and subversion -- Chapter 2 : The future of French India: decolonization and settlement at the borders -- Chapter 3 : Making the postcolonial subject : Goondas, refugees, and citizens -- Chapter 4 : Decolonial crossings: settlers, migrants, tourists -- Chapter 5: From the Ashram to Auroville: utopia as settlement -- Conclusion : The messiness of colonialism After India achieved independence from the British in 1947, France retained control of five scattered territories until 1962. Unsettling Utopia presents a new account of the history of twentieth-century French India to show how colonial projects persisted beyond formal decolonization.