Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality And Legitimacy (Developments in International Law, 55)

This Work Deals With The Question Of Unlawful Territorial Situations, I.e. Territorial Regimes That Are Established And Maintained In Defiance Of International Law. It Represents A Very Timely Contribution To The Debate Concerning The Nature, The Aims And Purpose Of Foreign Interventions In The Affairs Of Sovereign Countries. International Lawyers Have Focussed On The Important Questions Of The Legal Regime Applicable To The Conduct Of The Occupant And The Authoritative Decision-making Processes By International Institutions, But Often Neglected The Broader And Decisive Question Of The Legality Of The 'foreign' Or 'international' Presence As Such. The Author Shows The Relevance And, Sometimes Irrelevance, Of International Law To The Determination Of Legality Or Illegality Of The Occupation, And How Legal Norms Incorporate And Interact With The Concepts Of Effectiveness And Legitimacy. The Book Represents A Welcome Contribution To An Issue Of The Outmost Importance In International Affairs At Present Times. It Brings Together Elaborate Theoretical Discussion And Thorough Empirical Research. Students Of International Law, Practitioners, And Anyone Interested In Deepening The Understanding Of The Role And Relevance Of International Law To Territorial Occupation Will Greatly Benefit From This Study.--book Jacket. Introduction -- The Concept Of Effectiveness In International Law -- Statehood And Territorial Sovereignty: The Tradition Of Concreteness And Realism -- Defining The Boundaries Of Legality: Unlawfulness Of Territorial Situations -- Consequences Of Unlawfulness -- Testing Legality And Legitimacy In Un Territorial Competence -- Conclusions: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality And Legitimacy. Enrico Milano ; With A Foreword By Christine Chinkin. Originally Presented As The Author's Thesis (ph.d)--london School Of Economics, 2004. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [275]-295) And Index. Table of Contents ......Page 10 Preface and Acknowledgments ......Page 14 Foreword ......Page 18 Table of Abbreviations ......Page 20 Table of Cases ......Page 22 Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments ......Page 30 Table of UN Resolutions and Documents......Page 34 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 42 1. Defining unlawful territorial situations as a legal category......Page 45 2. Effectiveness and legitimacy in unlawful territorial situations: preliminary questions and hypotheses......Page 51 3. Book plan......Page 60 1. Introduction......Page 62 2. Effectiveness in international law: terminological and conceptual features......Page 63 3. Effectiveness in the doctrinal debate......Page 66 3.1 Effectiveness and international law: continental affair?......Page 67 3.2 The law of nations and effectiveness in the 19th century: peoples' sovereignty and the material element of custom......Page 71 3.3 Effectiveness and its philosophical roots......Page 77 3.4 Overview of the literature on effectiveness......Page 79 3.5 Is effectiveness a general principle of international law?......Page 82 3.6 Neo-liberal international lawyers: the quest for justice and democratic legitimacy......Page 86 3.7 Critical legal studies, deconstruction and language......Page 90 4. Some concluding reflections on the place of effectiveness in international law......Page 92 1. Introduction......Page 96 2. Statehood and effectiveness......Page 97 2.1 External effectiveness......Page 102 3. Territorial sovereignty and effectiveness......Page 105 3.1 The concept of territory in international law......Page 107 3.2 Effectiveness and territorial sovereignty in the colonial encounter......Page 112 3.2.1 The concept of terra nullius: struggling with history in court......Page 113 3.2.2 Some comments on the reading of the colonial encounter in the above case law......Page 119 3.3 Material possession and constitution of title......Page 121 3.4 Effectiveness in derivative modes of acquisition of territory......Page 129 4. Military occupation and effectiveness......Page 131 4.1 The instruments regulating military occupation in international law......Page 132 4.2 Establishment and termination of military occupation......Page 134 4.3 Effectiveness and formal territorial status in military occupations......Page 137 5. Conclusions......Page 139 1. Introduction......Page 142 2. Normative standards: the prohibition of the use of force as a means of modification of territorial status......Page 143 3. Normative standards: the uti possidetis principle......Page 149 3.1 The relation between uti possidetis and effectiveness......Page 152 4. Normative standards: the right of self-determination......Page 155 5. Normative standards: the principle of territorial integrity......Page 164 6. Conclusions: problems with the definition of unlawfulness of territorial situations......Page 169 2. Consequences of unlawfulness: the 'invalidity' of unlawful territorial situations......Page 174 2.1 The chain of invalidity and the duty of non-recognition......Page 177 2.1.1 The classic case: the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Namibia......Page 178 2.1.2 Cases involving the TRNC before the ECHR: background of the decisions......Page 183 2.1.3 Linking illegality of TRNC to the invalidity of its internal provisions......Page 184 2.2 Final remarks on invalidity......Page 191 3. Consequences of unlawfulness: protection of status quo and ius ad bellum......Page 192 4. Consequences of unlawfulness: denial of self-determination and ius ad bellum......Page 194 5. Consequences of unlawfulness on the ius in bello......Page 197 6.1 Guinea-Bissau......Page 199 6.2 Palestine......Page 200 6.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 206 6.4 Western Sahara......Page 207 7. State responsibility in unlawful territorial situations: re-assessing the boundaries of legality......Page 214 7.1 Unlawful territorial situations, territorial disputes and the ICJ......Page 216 7.2 Unlawful territorial situations resulting from serious breaches of international law......Page 223 8. Legitimacy, recognition and legitimation of unlawful territorial situations......Page 231 8.1 Legitimating the illegal: the case of Iraq ......Page 237 9. Conclusions......Page 244 1. Introduction......Page 246 2. UN competence and powers in territorial situations......Page 247 2.1 Failing the test of legality: the 'impossible task' from the doctrine of ultra vires acts to the doctrine of inherent powers......Page 252 2.1.1 Case law......Page 253 2.2 Assessment: limits of legality and territorial powers of the SC under Chapter VII......Page 258 3. Illegitimacy within the law: substantive and procedural illegitimacy in SC actions......Page 268 3.1 Problems of selectivity and 'ad-hocism' of SC actions......Page 273 4. The territorial status of Kosovo: legitimacy outside of the law?......Page 275 4.1 The events leading to the international administration of Kosovo......Page 276 4.2.1 The legal basis of the international presence in Kosovo......Page 278 4.2.2 Is the VCLT applicable to the Kumanovo Agreement?......Page 282 4.2.3 Were the Kumanovo Agreement and the 3rd of June Agreement procured by the threat or use of force?......Page 284 4.2.4 Was the use of force by NATO in violation of principles of international law embodied in the UN Charter? Some exercises in 'lateral thinking'......Page 286 4.2.5 Can the SC endorse an agreement which is invalid because of illegal coercion?......Page 292 4.3 Consequences of invalidity: the role of legitimacy in legalising the status quo......Page 294 4.4 Schizophrenic views of state sovereignty: the 2001 Yugoslav-Macedonian delineation agreement......Page 298 4.4.1 'Hamlet's ghost' and the legitimacy of UNMIK action in Kosovo......Page 302 5. Conclusions......Page 305 1. The state of unlawful territorial situations in the 21st century......Page 308 2. Reconciling effectiveness, legality and legitimacy......Page 312 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 316 INDEX......Page 338 This work deals with the question of unlawful territorial situations, id est territorial regimes that are established and maintained in defiance of international law. It represents a very timely contribution to the debate concerning the nature, the aims and purpose of foreign interventions in the affairs of sovereign countries. International lawyers have focussed on the important questions of the legal regime applicable to the conduct of the occupant and the authoritative decision-making processes by international institutions, but often neglected the broader and decisive question of the legality of the 'foreign' or 'international' presence as such. The author shows the relevance and, sometimes irrelevance, of international law to the determination of legality or illegality of the occupation, and how legal norms incorporate and interact with the concepts of effectiveness and legitimacy. The book represents a welcome contribution to an issue of the outmost importance in international affairs at present times. It brings together elaborate theoretical discussion and thorough empirical research. Students of international law, practitioners, and anyone interested in deepening the understanding of the role and relevance of international law to territorial occupation will greatly benefit from this study Deals with the question of unlawful territorial situations, like territorial regimes that are established and maintained in defiance of international law. This book is useful for students of international law, practitioners, and those interested in deepening the understanding of the role of international law to territorial occupation