UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1: The Sockets Networking API, 3rd Edition 1

This is THE guide to UNIX network programming APIs. Whether you write Web servers, client/server applications, or any other network software, you need to understand networking APIS-especially sockets in greater detail than ever before. You need UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition. In this book, the Authors offer unprecedented, start-to-finish guidance on making the most of sockets, the de facto standard for UNIX network programming with APIs - as well as extensive coverage of the X/Open Transport Interface (XTI). Copyright......Page 2 Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series......Page 3 Foreword......Page 18 Introduction......Page 20 Changes from the Second Edition......Page 21 Using This Book......Page 22 Acknowledgments......Page 23 Introduction and TCP/IP......Page 25 Introduction......Page 27 A Simple Daytime Client......Page 30 Protocol Independence......Page 34 Error Handling: Wrapper Functions......Page 35 A Simple Daytime Server......Page 37 Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text......Page 40 OSI Model......Page 42 BSD Networking History......Page 44 Test Networks and Hosts......Page 46 Unix Standards......Page 49 64-Bit Architectures......Page 52 Summary......Page 53 Exercises......Page 54 Introduction......Page 55 The Big Picture......Page 56 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)......Page 58 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)......Page 59 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)......Page 60 TCP Connection Establishment and Termination......Page 61 TIME_WAIT State......Page 67 SCTP Association Establishment and Termination......Page 68 Port Numbers......Page 74 TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers......Page 76 Buffer Sizes and Limitations......Page 79 Standard Internet Services......Page 85 Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications......Page 86 Exercises......Page 87 Elementary Sockets......Page 89 Socket Address Structures......Page 91 Value-Result Arguments......Page 98 Byte Ordering Functions......Page 101 Byte Manipulation Functions......Page 104 inet_aton, inet_addr, and inet_ntoa Functions......Page 106 inet_pton and inet_ntop Functions......Page 107 sock_ntop and Related Functions......Page 110 readn, writen, and readline Functions......Page 112 Summary......Page 116 Exercises......Page 117 socket Function......Page 119 connect Function......Page 123 bind Function......Page 125 listen Function......Page 128 accept Function......Page 133 fork and exec Functions......Page 135 Concurrent Servers......Page 138 getsockname and getpeername Functions......Page 141 Exercises......Page 144 Introduction......Page 145 TCP Echo Server: main Function......Page 146 TCP Echo Server: str_echo Function......Page 147 TCP Echo Client: main Function......Page 148 TCP Echo Client: str_cli Function......Page 149 Normal Startup......Page 150 Normal Termination......Page 152 POSIX Signal Handling......Page 153 Handling SIGCHLD Signals......Page 156 wait and waitpid Functions......Page 159 Connection Abort before accept Returns......Page 163 Termination of Server Process......Page 165 SIGPIPE Signal......Page 166 Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host......Page 168 Shutdown of Server Host......Page 169 Summary of TCP Example......Page 170 Data Format......Page 171 Exercises......Page 175 Introduction......Page 177 I/O Models......Page 178 select Function......Page 184 str_cli Function (Revisited)......Page 191 Batch Input and Buffering......Page 193 shutdown Function......Page 196 str_cli Function (Revisited Again)......Page 197 TCP Echo Server (Revisited)......Page 199 pselect Function......Page 205 poll Function......Page 206 TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again)......Page 209 Summary......Page 212 Exercises......Page 213 Introduction......Page 215 getsockopt and setsockopt Functions......Page 216 Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default......Page 218 Generic Socket Options......Page 222 IPv4 Socket Options......Page 238 IPv6 Socket Options......Page 240 TCP Socket Options......Page 243 SCTP Socket Options......Page 246 fcntl Function......Page 257 Summary......Page 260 Exercises......Page 261 Introduction......Page 263 recvfrom and sendto Functions......Page 264 UDP Echo Server: main Function......Page 265 UDP Echo Server: dg_echo Function......Page 266 UDP Echo Client: main Function......Page 268 Lost Datagrams......Page 269 Verifying Received Response......Page 270 Server Not Running......Page 272 Summary of UDP Example......Page 274 connect Function with UDP......Page 276 dg_cli Function (Revisited)......Page 280 Lack of Flow Control with UDP......Page 281 Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP......Page 285 TCP and UDP Echo Server Using select......Page 286 Summary......Page 288 Exercises......Page 289 Introduction......Page 291 Interface Models......Page 292 sctp_bindx Function......Page 296 sctp_connectx Function......Page 298 sctp_getladdrs Function......Page 299 sctp_sendmsg Function......Page 300 sctp_recvmsg Function......Page 301 shutdown Function......Page 302 Notifications......Page 304 Exercises......Page 310 Introduction......Page 311 SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server: main Function......Page 312 SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client: main Function......Page 314 SCTP Streaming Echo Client: str_cli Function......Page 316 Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking......Page 317 Controlling the Number of Streams......Page 323 Controlling Termination......Page 324 Summary......Page 325 Exercises......Page 326 Domain Name System (DNS)......Page 327 gethostbyname Function......Page 331 gethostbyaddr Function......Page 334 getservbyname and getservbyport Functions......Page 335 getaddrinfo Function......Page 339 gai_strerror Function......Page 344 freeaddrinfo Function......Page 345 getaddrinfo Function: IPv6......Page 346 getaddrinfo Function: Examples......Page 348 host_serv Function......Page 349 tcp_connect Function......Page 350 tcp_listen Function......Page 354 udp_client Function......Page 358 udp_connect Function......Page 361 udp_server Function......Page 362 getnameinfo Function......Page 364 Re-entrant Functions......Page 365 gethostbyname_r and gethostbyaddr_r Functions......Page 368 Obsolete IPv6 Address Lookup Functions......Page 370 Other Networking Information......Page 372 Exercises......Page 373 Advanced Sockets......Page 375 Introduction......Page 377 IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server......Page 378 IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server......Page 381 IPv6 Address-Testing Macros......Page 384 Source Code Portability......Page 385 Exercises......Page 386 Introduction......Page 387 syslogd Daemon......Page 388 syslog Function......Page 389 daemon_init Function......Page 391 inetd Daemon......Page 395 daemon_inetd Function......Page 401 Summary......Page 403 Exercises......Page 404 Socket Timeouts......Page 405 recv and send Functions......Page 411 readv and writev Functions......Page 413 recvmsg and sendmsg Functions......Page 414 Ancillary Data......Page 419 How Much Data Is Queued?......Page 422 Sockets and Standard I/O......Page 423 Advanced Polling......Page 426 Summary......Page 432 Exercises......Page 433 Introduction......Page 435 Unix Domain Socket Address Structure......Page 436 socketpair Function......Page 438 Socket Functions......Page 439 Unix Domain Stream Client/Server......Page 440 Unix Domain Datagram Client/Server......Page 442 Passing Descriptors......Page 444 Receiving Sender Credentials......Page 453 Exercises......Page 456 Introduction......Page 459 Nonblocking Reads and Writes: str_cli Function (Revisited)......Page 461 Nonblocking connect......Page 472 Nonblocking connect: Daytime Client......Page 473 Nonblocking connect: Web Client......Page 476 Nonblocking accept......Page 485 Summary......Page 487 Exercises......Page 488 Introduction......Page 489 Socket Operations......Page 490 Interface Configuration......Page 492 get_ifi_info Function......Page 493 Interface Operations......Page 504 ARP Cache Operations......Page 505 Routing Table Operations......Page 507 Exercises......Page 508 Introduction......Page 509 Datalink Socket Address Structure......Page 510 Reading and Writing......Page 511 sysctl Operations......Page 519 get_ifi_info Function (Revisited)......Page 524 Interface Name and Index Functions......Page 528 Summary......Page 532 Exercises......Page 533 Introduction......Page 535 Reading and Writing......Page 536 Dumping the Security Association Database (SADB)......Page 538 Creating a Static Security Association (SA)......Page 541 Dynamically Maintaining SAs......Page 548 Exercises......Page 552 Introduction......Page 553 Broadcast Addresses......Page 555 Unicast versus Broadcast......Page 556 dg_cli Function Using Broadcasting......Page 559 Race Conditions......Page 562 Exercises......Page 571 Multicast Addresses......Page 573 Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN......Page 577 Multicasting on a WAN......Page 580 Source-Specific Multicast......Page 582 Multicast Socket Options......Page 583 mcast_join and Related Functions......Page 589 dg_cli Function Using Multicasting......Page 594 Receiving IP Multicast Infrastructure Session Announcements......Page 595 Sending and Receiving......Page 599 Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)......Page 603 Summary......Page 608 Exercises......Page 609 Introduction......Page 611 Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index......Page 612 When to Use UDP Instead of TCP......Page 618 Adding Reliability to a UDP Application......Page 621 Binding Interface Addresses......Page 632 Concurrent UDP Servers......Page 636 IPv6 Packet Information......Page 639 IPv6 Path MTU Control......Page 642 Exercises......Page 644 An Autoclosing One-to-Many-Style Server......Page 645 Partial Delivery......Page 646 Notifications......Page 649 Unordered Data......Page 653 Binding a Subset of Addresses......Page 654 Determining Peer and Local Address Information......Page 655 Finding an Association ID Given an IP Address......Page 659 Heartbeating and Address Failure......Page 660 Peeling Off an Association......Page 661 Controlling Timing......Page 663 When to Use SCTP Instead of TCP......Page 665 Exercises......Page 667 TCP Out-of-Band Data......Page 669 sockatmark Function......Page 678 TCP Out-of-Band Data Recap......Page 685 Exercises......Page 686 Introduction......Page 687 Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets......Page 688 UDP Echo Server Using SIGIO......Page 690 Summary......Page 696 Exercises......Page 697 Introduction......Page 699 Basic Thread Functions: Creation and Termination......Page 700 str_cli Function Using Threads......Page 703 TCP Echo Server Using Threads......Page 705 Thread-Specific Data......Page 710 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)......Page 718 Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion......Page 721 Condition Variables......Page 725 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)......Page 729 Exercises......Page 731 IPv4 Options......Page 733 IPv4 Source Route Options......Page 735 IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options......Page 743 IPv6 Routing Header......Page 749 IPv6 Sticky Options......Page 755 Historical IPv6 Advanced API......Page 756 Exercises......Page 757 Introduction......Page 759 Raw Socket Creation......Page 760 Raw Socket Output......Page 761 Raw Socket Input......Page 763 ping Program......Page 765 traceroute Program......Page 779 An ICMP Message Daemon......Page 793 Exercises......Page 810 Introduction......Page 811 BSD Packet Filter (BPF)......Page 812 Datalink Provider Interface (DLPI)......Page 814 Linux: SOCK_PACKET and PF_PACKET......Page 815 libpcap: Packet Capture Library......Page 816 Examining the UDP Checksum Field......Page 817 Exercises......Page 839 Introduction......Page 841 TCP Client Alternatives......Page 843 TCP Test Client......Page 844 TCP Iterative Server......Page 845 TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client......Page 846 TCP Preforked Server, No Locking Around accept......Page 850 TCP Preforked Server, File Locking Around accept......Page 856 TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking Around accept......Page 859 TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing......Page 860 TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client......Page 866 TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread accept......Page 868 TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread accept......Page 870 Summary......Page 873 Exercises......Page 874 Overview......Page 875 getmsg and putmsg Functions......Page 880 ioctl Function......Page 881 Transport Provider Interface (TPI)......Page 882 Exercises......Page 892 IPv4 Header......Page 893 IPv6 Header......Page 895 IPv4 Addresses......Page 898 IPv6 Addresses......Page 901 Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)......Page 906 The MBone......Page 909 The 6bone......Page 911 IPv6 Transition: 6to4......Page 913 System Call Tracing......Page 915 sock Program......Page 917 netstat Program......Page 920 lsof Program......Page 921 unp.h Header......Page 923 config.h Header......Page 928 Standard Error Functions......Page 934 Chapter 1......Page 937 Chapter 2......Page 938 Chapter 5......Page 939 Chapter 6......Page 943 Chapter 7......Page 944 Chapter 8......Page 948 Chapter 9......Page 950 Chapter 10......Page 951 Chapter 11......Page 952 Chapter 12......Page 957 Chapter 13......Page 958 Chapter 15......Page 959 Chapter 16......Page 962 Chapter 21......Page 963 Chapter 22......Page 965 Chapter 24......Page 967 Chapter 26......Page 968 Chapter 28......Page 969 Chapter 31......Page 970 Bibliography......Page 971 The only guide to UNIX network programming APIs you'll ever need!

Whether you write Web servers, client/server applications, or any other network software, you need to understand networking APIS--especially sockets in greater detail than ever before. You need UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Second Edition.

In this book, leading UNIX networking expert W. Richard Stevens offers unprecedented, start-to-finish guidance on making the most of sockets, the de facto standard for UNIX network programming--as well as extensive coverage of the X/Open Transport Interface (XTI).

Stevens begins by introducing virtually every basic capability of TCP and UDP sockets, including socket functions and options, I/O multiplexing, and name and address conversions. He presents detailed coverage of the Posix.1g standard for sockets and the Posix threads. He also introduces advanced techniques for:

• 
  
• Establishing IPv4/IPv6 interoperability.
  
  
• Implementing non-blocking I/O.
  
  
• Routing sockets.
  
  
• Broadcasting and multicasting.
  
  
• IP options.
  
  
• Multithreading.
  
  
• Advanced name and address conversions.
  
  
• UNIX domain protocols.
  
  
• Raw sockets.
  
  

Learn how to choose among today's leading client/server design approaches, including TCP iterative, concurrent, preforked and prethreaded servers. Master the X/Open Transport Interface, including XTI TCP clients and servers, name and address functions, options, streams and additional functions.

The Internet/intranet revolution has dramatically increased the demand for developers with a sophisticated understanding of network programming APIs, especially sockets. One book contains all you need to know: UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Second Edition.

This is a guide and reference for network programming using the sockets and XTI (X/Open Transport Interface) APIs, and is based on the TCP/IP suite of protocols for IP v4 and v6. The book overviews client/server concepts, standards and functions before diving into the internals of the transport layer (TCP & UDP) states, buffer sizes and protocol usage. A large part of this publication (24 chapters) dissects sockets API programming.

An introductory tutorial or class text and a reference for experienced programmers. Revised from the 1990 edition by using ANSI C for all examples, expanding and rearranging much of the material, dropping the explanation of UNIX, describing the Posix interface, some terminology change, and covering several new topics. It has also been divided into at least three volumes; the second probably on interprocess communications and the third on applications. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or. The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs — completely updated! ° Previous editions sold over 160,000 units! Second Edition (1998) sold over 53,000 in retail alone! ° Updates coverage of programming standards, debugging techniques, and covers Operating Systems including Red Hat 9, Solaris 9, HP-UX, Free BSD 4.8/5.0, AIX 5.x, and Mac OS X. ° Bill Fenner (AT/T Labs) and Andrew Rudoff (SUN) carry on the tradition of this great work. Thorough and authoritative, this book contains comprehensive coverage of the sockets API, the defacto standard for network programming. Once the basics are covered, the author moves on to advanced sockets topics, including IPv4 and IPv6 interoperability, UNIX domain protocols, nonblocking I/O, broadcasting, multicasting, threads and routing sockets. Client/server design alternatives are also fully examined. This revised guide to Unix networking APIs updates coverage of programming standards and debugging techniques, and covers operating systems including Red Hat 9, Solaris 9, HP-UX, Free BSD 4.8/5.0, AIX 5.x and Mac OS X.