University Physics with Modern Physics with MasteringPhysics® (13th Edition)

University Physics with Modern Physics, Thirteenth Edition continues to set the benchmark for clarity and rigor combined with effective teaching and research-based innovation. University Physics is known for its uniquely broad, deep, and thoughtful set of worked examples–key tools for developing both physical understanding and problem-solving skills. The Thirteenth Edition revises all the Examples and Problem-Solving Strategies to be more concise and direct while maintaining the Twelfth Edition's consistent, structured approach and strong focus on modeling as well as math. To help students tackle challenging as well as routine problems, the Thirteenth Edition adds Bridging Problems to each chapter, which pose a difficult, multiconcept problem and provide a skeleton solution guide in the form of questions and hints. The text's rich problem sets–developed and refined over six decades–are upgraded to include larger numbers of problems that are biomedically oriented or require calculus. The problem-set revision is driven by detailed student-performance data gathered nationally through MasteringPhysics®, making it possible to fine-tune the reliability, effectiveness, and difficulty of individual problems. Complementing the clear and accessible text, the figures use a simple graphic style that focuses on the physics. They also incorporate explanatory annotations–a technique demonstrated to enhance learning. This is what is included in the package of ISBN: 0321675460 / 9780321675460 University Physics with Modern Physics with MasteringPhysics® Package consists of: 0321696867 / 9780321696861 University Physics with Modern Physics 0321741269 / 9780321741264 MasteringPhysics® with Pearson eText Student Access Code Card for University Physics Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 12 TO THE STUDENT: HOW TO SUCCEED IN PHYSICS BY REALLY TRYING......Page 13 TO THE INSTRUCTOR: PREFACE......Page 15 Acknowledgments......Page 19 CONTENTS......Page 21 1 UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS......Page 27 1.2 Solving Physics Problems......Page 28 1.3 Standards and Units......Page 30 1.4 Unit Consistency and Conversions......Page 32 1.5 Uncertainty and Significant Figures......Page 34 1.7 Vectors and Vector Addition......Page 36 1.8 Components of Vectors......Page 40 1.9 Unit Vectors......Page 45 1.10 Products of Vectors......Page 46 Summary......Page 52 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 53 2 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE......Page 61 2.1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity......Page 62 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity......Page 64 2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration......Page 68 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 72 2.5 Freely Falling Bodies......Page 78 2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration......Page 81 Summary......Page 84 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 85 3 MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS......Page 95 3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors......Page 96 3.2 The Acceleration Vector......Page 98 3.3 Projectile Motion......Page 103 3.4 Motion in a Circle......Page 111 3.5 Relative Velocity......Page 114 Summary......Page 120 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 121 4 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION......Page 130 4.1 Force and Interactions......Page 131 4.2 Newton’s First Law......Page 134 4.3 Newton’s Second Law......Page 138 4.4 Mass and Weight......Page 143 4.5 Newton’s Third Law......Page 146 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams......Page 150 Summary......Page 152 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 153 5.1 Using Newton’s First Law: Particles in Equilibrium......Page 160 5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles......Page 166 5.3 Frictional Forces......Page 172 5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion......Page 180 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature......Page 185 Summary......Page 187 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 188 6 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY......Page 202 6.1 Work......Page 203 6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem......Page 207 6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces......Page 213 6.4 Power......Page 219 Summary......Page 222 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 223 7 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION......Page 233 7.1 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 234 7.2 Elastic Potential Energy......Page 242 7.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 247 7.4 Force and Potential Energy......Page 251 7.5 Energy Diagrams......Page 254 Summary......Page 256 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 257 8.1 Momentum and Impulse......Page 267 8.2 Conservation of Momentum......Page 273 8.3 Momentum Conservation and Collisions......Page 277 8.4 Elastic Collisions......Page 281 8.5 Center of Mass......Page 284 8.6 Rocket Propulsion......Page 288 Summary......Page 292 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 293 9.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration......Page 304 9.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 309 9.3 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics......Page 311 9.4 Energy in Rotational Motion......Page 314 9.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem......Page 319 9.6 Moment-of-Inertia Calculations......Page 320 Summary......Page 323 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 324 10.1 Torque......Page 334 10.2 Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body......Page 337 10.3 Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis......Page 340 10.4 Work and Power in Rotational Motion......Page 346 10.5 Angular Momentum......Page 348 10.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 351 10.7 Gyroscopes and Precession......Page 354 Summary......Page 357 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 358 11 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY......Page 370 11.2 Center of Gravity......Page 371 11.3 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems......Page 374 11.4 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli......Page 378 11.5 Elasticity and Plasticity......Page 383 Summary......Page 385 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 386 12.1 Density......Page 399 12.2 Pressure in a Fluid......Page 401 12.3 Buoyancy......Page 406 12.4 Fluid Flow......Page 408 12.5 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 411 12.6 Viscosity and Turbulence......Page 415 Summary......Page 418 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 419 13.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation......Page 428 13.2 Weight......Page 432 13.3 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 435 13.4 The Motion of Satellites......Page 437 13.5 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets......Page 440 13.6 Spherical Mass Distributions......Page 444 13.7 Apparent Weight and the Earth’s Rotation......Page 447 13.8 Black Holes......Page 449 Summary......Page 453 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 454 14.1 Describing Oscillation......Page 463 14.2 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 465 14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 472 14.4 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 476 14.5 The Simple Pendulum......Page 479 14.6 The Physical Pendulum......Page 481 14.7 Damped Oscillations......Page 483 14.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance......Page 485 Summary......Page 487 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 489 15 MECHANICAL WAVES......Page 498 15.1 Types of Mechanical Waves......Page 499 15.2 Periodic Waves......Page 500 15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave......Page 503 15.4 Speed of a Transverse Wave......Page 508 15.5 Energy in Wave Motion......Page 512 15.6 Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions, and Superposition......Page 515 15.7 Standing Waves on a String......Page 517 15.8 Normal Modes of a String......Page 521 Summary......Page 525 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 526 16.1 Sound Waves......Page 535 16.2 Speed of Sound Waves......Page 540 16.3 Sound Intensity......Page 544 16.4 Standing Sound Waves and Normal Modes......Page 548 16.5 Resonance and Sound......Page 553 16.6 Interference of Waves......Page 555 16.7 Beats......Page 557 16.8 The Doppler Effect......Page 559 16.9 Shock Waves......Page 564 Summary......Page 567 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 569 17 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT......Page 577 17.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium......Page 578 17.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales......Page 579 17.3 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale......Page 580 17.4 Thermal Expansion......Page 583 17.5 Quantity of Heat......Page 588 17.6 Calorimetry and Phase Changes......Page 591 17.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer......Page 596 Summary......Page 604 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 605 18 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER......Page 616 18.1 Equations of State......Page 617 18.2 Molecular Properties of Matter......Page 622 18.3 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas......Page 625 18.4 Heat Capacities......Page 631 18.5 Molecular Speeds......Page 634 18.6 Phases of Matter......Page 636 Summary......Page 640 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 641 19.1 Thermodynamic Systems......Page 650 19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes......Page 651 19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States......Page 654 19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 655 19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes......Page 660 19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas......Page 662 19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas......Page 663 19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas......Page 666 Summary......Page 669 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 670 20.1 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes......Page 678 20.2 Heat Engines......Page 680 20.3 Internal-Combustion Engines......Page 683 20.4 Refrigerators......Page 685 20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 687 20.6 The Carnot Cycle......Page 689 20.7 Entropy......Page 695 20.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy......Page 701 Summary......Page 704 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 705 21 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 713 21.1 Electric Charge......Page 714 21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges......Page 717 21.3 Coulomb’s Law......Page 719 21.4 Electric Field and Electric Forces......Page 724 21.5 Electric-Field Calculations......Page 729 21.6 Electric Field Lines......Page 734 21.7 Electric Dipoles......Page 735 Summary......Page 740 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 741 22.1 Charge and Electric Flux......Page 751 22.2 Calculating Electric Flux......Page 754 22.3 Gauss’s Law......Page 758 22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law......Page 762 22.5 Charges on Conductors......Page 767 Summary......Page 772 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 773 23.1 Electric Potential Energy......Page 780 23.2 Electric Potential......Page 787 23.3 Calculating Electric Potential......Page 793 23.4 Equipotential Surfaces......Page 797 23.5 Potential Gradient......Page 800 Summary......Page 803 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 804 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS......Page 814 24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance......Page 815 24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel......Page 819 24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy......Page 822 24.4 Dielectrics......Page 826 24.5 Molecular Model of Induced Charge......Page 831 24.6 Gauss’s Law in Dielectrics......Page 833 Summary......Page 835 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 836 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE......Page 844 25.1 Current......Page 845 25.2 Resistivity......Page 848 25.3 Resistance......Page 851 25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits......Page 854 25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits......Page 860 25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction......Page 864 Summary......Page 867 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 868 26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 876 26.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page 881 26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments......Page 886 26.4 R-C Circuits......Page 890 26.5 Power Distribution Systems......Page 894 Summary......Page 899 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 900 27.1 Magnetism......Page 909 27.2 Magnetic Field......Page 911 27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux......Page 915 27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field......Page 918 27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles......Page 922 27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 924 27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop......Page 927 27.8 The Direct-Current Motor......Page 933 27.9 The Hall Effect......Page 935 Summary......Page 937 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 938 28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge......Page 949 28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element......Page 952 28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 954 28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors......Page 957 28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop......Page 958 28.6 Ampere’s Law......Page 961 28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law......Page 964 28.8 Magnetic Materials......Page 967 Summary......Page 973 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 975 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION......Page 983 29.1 Induction Experiments......Page 984 29.2 Faraday’s Law......Page 985 29.3 Lenz’s Law......Page 993 29.4 Motional Electromotive Force......Page 995 29.5 Induced Electric Fields......Page 997 29.6 Eddy Currents......Page 1000 29.7 Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations......Page 1001 29.8 Superconductivity......Page 1005 Summary......Page 1007 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1008 30.1 Mutual Inductance......Page 1017 30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors......Page 1020 30.3 Magnetic-Field Energy......Page 1024 30.4 The R-L Circuit......Page 1027 30.5 The L-C Circuit......Page 1031 30.6 The L-R-C Series Circuit......Page 1035 Summary......Page 1038 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1039 31.1 Phasors and Alternating Currents......Page 1047 31.2 Resistance and Reactance......Page 1050 31.3 The L-R-C Series Circuit......Page 1056 31.4 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits......Page 1060 31.5 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits......Page 1063 31.6 Transformers......Page 1066 Summary......Page 1069 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1070 32 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES......Page 1077 32.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1078 32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light......Page 1081 32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1086 32.4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1090 32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1095 Summary......Page 1099 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1100 33.1 The Nature of Light......Page 1106 33.2 Reflection and Refraction......Page 1108 33.3 Total Internal Reflection......Page 1114 33.4 Dispersion......Page 1117 33.5 Polarization......Page 1119 33.6 Scattering of Light......Page 1126 33.7 Huygens’s Principle......Page 1128 Summary......Page 1131 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1132 34.1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface......Page 1140 34.2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface......Page 1144 34.3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface......Page 1152 34.4 Thin Lenses......Page 1157 34.5 Cameras......Page 1165 34.6 The Eye......Page 1168 34.7 The Magnifier......Page 1172 34.8 Microscopes and Telescopes......Page 1173 Summary......Page 1178 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1180 35 INTERFERENCE......Page 1189 35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources......Page 1190 35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light......Page 1192 35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns......Page 1196 35.4 Interference in Thin Films......Page 1199 35.5 The Michelson Interferometer......Page 1205 Summary......Page 1208 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1209 36 DIFFRACTION......Page 1216 36.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction......Page 1217 36.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit......Page 1218 36.3 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern......Page 1221 36.4 Multiple Slits......Page 1225 36.5 The Diffraction Grating......Page 1227 36.6 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 1231 36.7 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power......Page 1234 36.8 Holography......Page 1237 Summary......Page 1240 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1241 37.1 Invariance of Physical Laws......Page 1249 37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity......Page 1253 37.3 Relativity of Time Intervals......Page 1254 37.4 Relativity of Length......Page 1259 37.5 The Lorentz Transformations......Page 1263 37.6 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1267 37.7 Relativistic Momentum......Page 1269 37.8 Relativistic Work and Energy......Page 1272 37.9 Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity......Page 1275 Summary......Page 1278 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1279 38.1 Light Absorbed as Photons: The Photoelectric Effect......Page 1287 38.2 Light Emitted as Photons: X-Ray Production......Page 1292 38.3 Light Scattered as Photons: Compton Scattering and Pair Production......Page 1295 38.4 Wave–Particle Duality, Probability, and Uncertainty......Page 1299 Summary......Page 1306 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1307 39.1 Electron Waves......Page 1312 39.2 The Nuclear Atom and Atomic Spectra......Page 1318 39.3 Energy Levels and the Bohr Model of the Atom......Page 1323 39.4 The Laser......Page 1333 39.5 Continuous Spectra......Page 1336 39.6 The Uncertainty Principle Revisited......Page 1340 Summary......Page 1344 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1346 40.1 Wave Functions and the One-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation......Page 1354 40.2 Particle in a Box......Page 1364 40.3 Potential Wells......Page 1369 40.4 Potential Barriers and Tunneling......Page 1373 40.5 The Harmonic Oscillator......Page 1376 Summary......Page 1381 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1382 41 ATOMIC STRUCTURE......Page 1390 41.1 The Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions......Page 1391 41.2 Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box......Page 1392 41.3 The Hydrogen Atom......Page 1398 41.4 The Zeeman Effect......Page 1405 41.5 Electron Spin......Page 1409 41.6 Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle......Page 1413 41.7 X-Ray Spectra......Page 1419 Summary......Page 1423 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1425 42.1 Types of Molecular Bonds......Page 1431 42.2 Molecular Spectra......Page 1434 42.3 Structure of Solids......Page 1438 42.4 Energy Bands......Page 1442 42.5 Free-Electron Model of Metals......Page 1444 42.6 Semiconductors......Page 1448 42.7 Semiconductor Devices......Page 1451 42.8 Superconductivity......Page 1456 Summary......Page 1457 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1458 43.1 Properties of Nuclei......Page 1465 43.2 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure......Page 1470 43.3 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity......Page 1475 43.4 Activities and Half-Lives......Page 1482 43.5 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 1485 43.6 Nuclear Reactions......Page 1488 43.7 Nuclear Fission......Page 1490 43.8 Nuclear Fusion......Page 1495 Summary......Page 1498 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1499 44.1 Fundamental Particles—A History......Page 1506 44.2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors......Page 1511 44.3 Particles and Interactions......Page 1516 44.4 Quarks and the Eightfold Way......Page 1522 44.5 The Standard Model and Beyond......Page 1525 44.6 The Expanding Universe......Page 1527 44.7 The Beginning of Time......Page 1534 Summary......Page 1543 Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1544 A: The International System of Units......Page 1549 B: Useful Mathematical Relations......Page 1551 C: The Greek Alphabet......Page 1552 D: Periodic Table of Elements......Page 1553 E: Unit Conversion Factors......Page 1554 F: Numerical Constants......Page 1555 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1557 Photo Credits......Page 1571 A......Page 1575 C......Page 1576 D......Page 1578 E......Page 1579 F......Page 1581 G......Page 1582 I......Page 1583 L......Page 1584 M......Page 1585 O......Page 1587 P......Page 1588 R......Page 1590 S......Page 1591 T......Page 1593 V......Page 1594 W......Page 1595 Z......Page 1596

University Physics with Modern Physics, Thirteenth Edition continues to set the benchmark for clarity and rigor combined with effective teaching and research-based innovation.

University Physics is known for its uniquely broad, deep, and thoughtful set of worked examples–key tools for developing both physical understanding and problem-solving skills. The Thirteenth Edition revises all the Examples and Problem-Solving Strategies to be more concise and direct while maintaining the Twelfth Edition's consistent, structured approach and strong focus on modeling as well as math. To help students tackle challenging as well as routine problems, the Thirteenth Edition adds Bridging Problems to each chapter, which pose a difficult, multiconcept problem and provide a skeleton solution guide in the form of questions and hints.

The text's rich problem sets–developed and refined over six decades–are upgraded to include larger numbers of problems that are biomedically oriented or require calculus. The problem-set revision is driven by detailed student-performance data gathered nationally through MasteringPhysics®, making it possible to fine-tune the reliability, effectiveness, and difficulty of individual problems.

Complementing the clear and accessible text, the figures use a simple graphic style that focuses on the physics. They also incorporate explanatory annotations–a technique demonstrated to enhance learning.

This text is available with MasteringPhysics—the most widely used, educationally proven, and technically advanced tutorial and homework system in the world.

University Physics with Modern Physics , Thirteenth Edition continues to set the benchmark for clarity and rigor combined with effective teaching and research-based innovation.

University Physics is known for its uniquely broad, deep, and thoughtful set of worked examples–key tools for developing both physical understanding and problem-solving skills. The Thirteenth Edition revises all the Examples and Problem-Solving Strategies to be more concise and direct while maintaining the Twelfth Edition's consistent, structured approach and strong focus on modeling as well as math. To help students tackle challenging as well as routine problems, the Thirteenth Edition adds Bridging Problems to each chapter, which pose a difficult, multiconcept problem and provide a skeleton solution guide in the form of questions and hints.

The text's rich problem sets–developed and refined over six decades–are upgraded to include larger numbers of problems that are biomedically oriented or require calculus. The problem-set revision is driven by detailed student-performance data gathered nationally through MasteringPhysics®, making it possible to fine-tune the reliability, effectiveness, and difficulty of individual problems.

Complementing the clear and accessible text, the figures use a simple graphic style that focuses on the physics. They also incorporate explanatory annotations–a technique demonstrated to enhance learning.

This package contains:

• University Physics with Modern Physics, Thirteenth Edition