Universities in the Knowledge Society: The Nexus of National Systems of Innovation and Higher Education (The Changing Academy – The Changing Academic ... in International Comparative Perspective, 22)

Springer is proud to announce that 'Universities in the Knowledge Society' has received the ASHE-CIHE award for Significant Research on International Higher Education. Congratulations to Timo Aarrevaara, Martin Finkelstein, Glen A. Jones, Jisun Jung and all contributors! This book explores the complex, multi-faceted relationships between national research and innovation systems and higher education. The transition towards knowledge societies/economies is repositioning the role of the university and transforming the academic profession. The volume provides a foundational introduction to the concepts of knowledge society and knowledge economy, and these concepts ground the detailed case studies of eighteen systems, located across five continents. Each case study was written by a leading expert in that jurisdiction, and provides a critical analysis of the research and development infrastructure, the role of universities, and the implications for the academic profession. The book describes how nations in various geographic regions and at various stages of economic maturity are restructuring their university systems to adapt to the new imperatives, and provides a cross-case analysis identifying common themes and distinctive features. In telling the story of higher education’s on-going global metamorphosis, the contributing authors place current developments in the context of the university’s historic evolution, survey the changing metrics that national governments are adopting to measure university performance, and describe a new international project, the Academic Profession in the Knowledge-based Society [APiKS] that involved a common survey of academics in more than twenty countries to take the pulse of developments “on the ground” while documenting the challenges confronting knowledge workers in the new economy. Universities in the Knowledge Society Acknowledgements Contents Part I: Overview Chapter 1: Universities and the Knowledge Society: An Introduction Introduction Basic Concepts The Academic Profession in the Knowledge-Based Society (APIKS) The Purpose of This Volume The Emergence of Knowledge as a Driver of Economic Growth Higher Education System Reforms A Repurposed, Newly Vulnerable Academic Profession The View on the Ground Some Preliminary Findings References Chapter 2: The Transformation of Universities in Response to the Imperatives of a Knowledge Society Introduction Concepts Related to the Knowledge Society Emergence and Configuration The Nineteenth-Century Idea of Knowledge Production in the Frame of the University The Reconfiguration of the Epistemic Environment of Knowledge Production The Idea of the University’s Third Mission Academics in Knowledge-Based Society Conclusions References Chapter 3: Higher Education in the Era of Knowledge Economy Knowledge Economy for the Knowledge Society Inputs and Outputs of the Knowledge Economy Knowledge and Higher Education as Primarily a Private or Public Good The Number of Graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as a Foremost Indicator of the Knowledge Economy Sustainability of the Knowledge Economy: Economic Efficiency and Innovation Sustainability of Knowledge Economy: Ecological and Social Sustainability Measuring Innovation Abilities and Skills of Knowledge Workers Are Some HEd Systems Better Positioned to Serve Knowledge Economy than Others? Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Academic Profession in the Knowledge-Based Society (APIKS): Evolution of a Major Comparative Research Project Introduction Scholarship on the Academic Profession International Comparative Studies on the Academic Profession: From the 1990s to the Early 2010s Academic Profession in the Knowledge-Based Society (APIKS): From 2014 to 2019 Planning Phase Participating Teams Survey Framework: Theme and Target Group Emerged Theme: Two Tracks Under One Survey Designing the Questionnaire Creating the International Dataset APIKS: Looking at the 2020s References Part II: Systems of Innovation and Higher Education Chapter 5: Higher Education and the Knowledge Society Agenda in Uganda Introduction Overview of the National Research, Development, and Innovations Policy Research and Development Funding The PhD Crisis in Uganda Overview of Higher Education in Uganda The Role of Higher Education in Uganda’s National Development Agenda Academia and the Knowledge Society Agenda in Uganda Conclusion References Chapter 6: Higher Education and Investment in Knowledge: A Perspective from Talent Policies in Mainland China Introduction The Knowledge Investment and Higher Education in China China’s Investment in Knowledge China’s Higher Education’s Expansion, Reforms, and Finance: 1999–2018 Funding Innovations Through Universities and Its Research Cultivating, Recruiting, and Retaining Talent in Chinese Higher Education Institutions Cultivating: Supplies of Skilled Labor Enrollment Expansion Created a Larger Educated Graduate Population There Is an Education Quality Gap Within the Current Stratified Chinese Higher Education Government Mediation Led to Mismatches Between the Higher Education Talent Supply and Market Demands for Skills and Capacity Changing Academic Careers and Cultivating the Next-Generation Scholars and Researchers Doctoral Students Have Spillover to Industries Doctoral Training Programs Are More Research Oriented Human Capital Accumulation by Learning from Others Is Becoming Less Efficient Recruiting: Returnees Overemphasis on Overseas Experience May Distort the Academic Labor Market Support for Returnees: Expected to Adapt to Domestic System Competition in High-Level Talent Market Is Active and Has Room for Progress Retaining: Avoiding Brain Drain Economic Incentive Is the Most Feasible Policy in Retaining Academics Domestic Talent Competition Between Local Governments Can Lead to a Market Failure Conclusion References Chapter 7: Recalibrating After Two Decades of Rapid Expansion: The Pursuit of Excellence Amid Declining Enrollment in Taiwan Introduction Taiwan’s Innovation and Technology Policy Context Development and Implementation of Government Policy on R&D National Investment in Research and Development R&D Expenditure to Gross Domestic Product in Taiwan Sector Performance and Expenditure Sources The Types and Issues of R&D Expenditure and Researchers Trends in National Investment in Higher Education A Focus on Competitive Excellence Promoting University Social Responsibility and Industry-Academy Collaboration Changing Scope and Profile of Higher Education in Taiwan The Emerging Disconnect Between Education Supply and Demand National Retirement Policy and Influence on Higher Education The Changing Profile of the Academic Profession Doctoral Education and Employment Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 8: Changing Policies of Research, Development, and Innovation and the Characteristics of Academics in Japan Introduction Changing National Research, Development, and Innovation Policies National Higher Education Reforms After 1990 Comparison of R&D Between Japan and Other OECD Countries Purpose of National Innovation in Japan A Growing Knowledge-Based Society in an Uncertain World Interaction Between National Research Orientation and Industry Research Orientation Since the 1990s Cooperation Between Industrial Enterprises and Universities Japanese Companies’ Investment in R&D from an International Perspective Environmental Changes and Attribute Changes Among University Faculty Expansion and Diversification Age Structure Changes in the Social Environment and Attribute Changes in Faculty The Knowledge-Based Society and an Aging Society Employment of Female Faculty Members Employment of Foreign Faculty Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9: Higher Education in the National Research System in South Korea Introduction Development of the National Research System in South Korea Evolution of the National Research System Incubating Period (1960s–1970s) Transformational Period (1980s–1994) Institutionalization Period (1995–Present) R&D Expenditure and the Science Citation Index Publication in Korea Higher Education in the National Research System Expansion of Higher Education in South Korea The Role of Higher Education in the National Research System Concluding Remarks References Chapter 10: Recent Science and Technology Policies in Turkey: The Shifting Role and Profile of the National Higher Education System Introduction National Investment for Knowledge-Based Development National Higher Education System: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives PhD Education: Pursing R&D Employment or Academic Careers Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11: Research and Higher Education in Russia: Moving Closer Together Introduction Institutional Context Higher Education in Russia: A General Description of the System General Organization Academic Career Timeline Research Sector Statistical Overview Conclusions References Chapter 12: The Role of Universities in the Knowledge-Based Society in Lithuania Introduction Research, Development, and Innovation in Lithuania Policies and Strategies for Research, Development, and Innovation in Lithuania Evaluation of Research, Development, and Innovation in Lithuania The Role of Higher Education for Research, Development, and Innovation in Lithuania Characteristics of the Lithuanian Higher Education System Historical Context Structural Characteristics Academic Careers Conclusion References Chapter 13: Academic Profession for Knowledge Society in Estonia Introduction Research, Development, and the National Innovation System R&D Funding and Employees R&D and Economic Structure National Higher Education and Research System The Academic Profession and Early Career Researchers Dynamics in PhD Numbers Career Patterns After Graduation The Evolving Academic Reward System and the Trajectory of Career Progression Recent Changes in Academic Career Progression Conclusion References Chapter 14: Higher Education and the Knowledge Economy: Economic Higher Education Policies and the Persistence of the German Research and Development System Introduction The German Research and Development System Historical Context and the Role of Higher Education in the German R&D System Knowledge Economy and Higher Education Policy in Germany Higher Education for the Knowledge Economy in Germany The Expansion of Higher Education Doctoral Training for the Knowledge Economy Higher Education in the Knowledge Economy in Germany Conclusions References Chapter 15: A Portuguese Tale on Knowledge-Based Society: Narrowing Bonds Between Higher Education and the Innovation System Introduction Overview of the Portuguese Higher Education System and the Evolution of Science and Innovation Policies in Portugal Science and Innovation Policies in Portugal and Their Effects in the (Scientific) Employment Conclusions References Chapter 16: The Role of Finnish Higher Education in the Innovation and Research System Introduction Research Intensive Innovation System The Higher Education System as Part of the Knowledge Economy and R&D Expenditure The Role of the Profession and Academic Careers in Higher Education Institutions Access to Higher Education Postgraduate Study as a Key to Scholarly Profession Conclusions References Chapter 17: The Interplay of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation in Sweden Introduction Research, Development, and Innovation in Sweden Policies and Strategies Analysis of RDI in Sweden The Role of Higher Education for Research, Development, and Innovation in Sweden Characteristics of the Swedish Higher Education System Historical Context Structural Characteristics Academic Careers Conclusion References Chapter 18: University, Research, and Innovation in Argentina: A Winding Road to the Knowledge Society Introduction The System of Science, Technology, and Innovation in Argentina Funding, Staff, and Scientific Production: Basic Indicators Institutional Organization of the Scientific and Technological System in Argentina Universities and Innovation Policies Institutional Initiatives National Policies Informal Linkage Higher Education in Argentina The Argentine Academic Profession Conclusions References Chapter 19: The Development of the Research Capabilities of Chilean Faculty The Development of the Research Capabilities of Chilean Faculty The National Knowledge and Innovation System The University System The Innovation and Entrepreneurial System The Contemporary Chilean Professoriate The Chilean Faculty and Research and Development Challenges and Opportunities Doctoral Education Gender: Women in the Sciences Internationalization Outreach: An Emergent Relationship with Industry, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Conclusion References Chapter 20: Higher Education, Science, Technology, and Academics in México: At a Crossroads Introduction Major Drivers and Global Influences on Mexican Higher Education The Competitive Pressure of University Rankings The Focus on Investment in Science and Technology Trends in Science and Technology Expenditures Expenditure on R&D by Sector (Government, HEIs, Business, Private/Nonprofit) Higher Education Institutions and Academic Staff in Mexico Current Government Policies to Enhance Scholarly Productivity Increasing Fragmentation and Stratification of Academic Workforce Mexican Higher Education and Social Improvement Conclusions References Chapter 21: Canada: The Role of the University Sector in National Research and Development Introduction Canada’s National Research and Innovation Policy Academic R&D Capacity Internal Variation in R&D Capacity Academic Work in Canada Conclusion References Chapter 22: The Emerging Role of American Universities in the Twenty-First-Century Knowledge Society Introduction The National Research, Development, and Innovation System How Is It Organized? How Does It Work? The Nexus with Higher Education Developing the Human Capital Infrastructure: The Growth and Dispersion of Graduate and Professional Education Service and Engagement with the Greater Society: A Unique American Tradition Historical Origins of College Service and Engagement The Growth and Reconfiguration of the American Academic Profession The Changing Institutional Landscape A Changing Workforce Profile Discussion and Conclusions/Implications References Part III: Conclusion Chapter 23: Comparing Systems of Research and Innovation: Shifting Contexts for Higher Education and the Academic Profession Introduction (Re-)visiting Concepts: The Knowledge Society, Knowledge Economy, and Higher Education Comparing Research, Development, and Innovation Systems History: Path Independence Versus Path Dependence Government as a Coordinator: Centralized Versus Decentralized The Business Sector as a “Driver” or Collaborator: Highly Engaged, Partly Engaged, or Scarcely Engaged Higher Education Institutions: Leading Versus Secondary Role (Central Versus Peripheral Role) The Academic Profession and Doctoral Education Concluding Observations References Index This book explores the complex, multi-faceted relationships between national research and innovation systems and higher education. The transition towards knowledge societies/economies is repositioning the role of the university and transforming the academic profession. The volume provides a foundational introduction to the concepts of knowledge society and knowledge economy, and these concepts ground the detailed case studies of eighteen systems, located across five continents. Each case study was written by a leading expert in that jurisdiction, and provides a critical analysis of the research and development infrastructure, the role of universities, and the implications for the academic profession. The book describes how nations in various geographic regions and at various stages of economic maturity are restructuring their university systems to adapt to the new imperatives, and provides a cross-case analysis identifying common themes and distinctive features. In telling the story of higher education's on-going global metamorphosis, the contributing authors place current developments in the context of the university's historic evolution, survey the changing metrics that national governments are adopting to measure university performance, and describe a new international project, the Academic Profession in the Knowledge-based Society [APiKS] that involved a common survey of academics in more than twenty countries to take the pulse of developments "on the ground" while documenting the challenges confronting knowledge workers in the new economy.-- Dalla quarta di copertina