Universal Access and Its Asymmetries: The Untold Story of the Last 200 Years (Information Policy)

A framework for understanding the totality of costs and benefits of universal access that will foster honest appraisal and guide the development of good policies. Universal access--the idea that certain technologies and services should be extended to all regardless of geography or ability to pay--evokes ideals of democracy and equality that must be reconciled with the realities on the ground. The COVID-19 pandemic raised awareness of the need for access to high-speed internet service in the United States, but this is just the latest in a long history of debates about what should be made available and to whom. Rural mail delivery, electrification, telephone service, public schooling, and library access each raised the same questions as today's debates about health care and broadband. What types of services should be universally available? Who benefits from extending these services? And who bears the cost? Stepping beyond humanitarian arguments to conduct a clear-eyed, diagnostic analysis, this book offers some surprising conclusions. While the conventional approach to universal access looks primarily at the costs to the system and the benefits to individuals, Harmeet Sawhney and Hamid Ekbia provide a holistic perspective that also accounts for costs to individuals and benefits for systems. With a comparative approach across multiple cases, Universal Access and Its Asymmetries is an essential exploration of the history, costs, and benefits of providing universal access to technologies and services. With a fresh perspective, it overturns common assumptions and offers a foundation for making decisions about how to extend service--and how to pay for it "The pandemic has raised awareness of the need for universal access to high speed internet service in the United States. This book shows us that the debate about internet access is but the latest chapter in a long history of debates about universal service in the United States. This book analyzes the history, costs, and benefits of providing universal access to technologies and services, including education, postal service, telephone service, electrification, public libraries, and Internet"-- Provided by publisher Cover -1 Half title 2 Series title 3 Title 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 Series Editor Introduction 10 Acknowledgments 14 1 | Introduction 16 2 | Postal System 36 3 | Education 56 4 | Electrification 72 5 | Telephony 90 6 | Public Libraries 106 7 | Broadcasting 120 8 | The Internet 144 9 | Conclusion 160 Notes 182 References 204 Index 236