انتظارات غیرمنتظره: کنجکاوی‌های یک کره بلوری ریاضی

''Preface Internet of Things (IoT) attracts great attention, and brings promising opportunities and challenges. Research on IoT has important economic and social values for the development of the next generation of information, network, and communication technologies. However, it is still confusing for most people to understand IoT well, including definitions, contents, and differences from other similar concepts. IoT connects and fuses the physical world and cyber world by ubiquitous sensing, connection, and control with definite social attributes. It is hopeful that IoT can emancipate humans from onerous humanmachine interface work and information exploration. This book attempts to provide a future IoT vision, and answer some fundamental questions from various aspects, including concepts, architectures, models, and key technologies. It aims at helping readers find out the fundamental issues in IoT, and to be valuable IoT literature for college students, practicing engineers, researchers, business operators, and policy makers. The book accomplishes three main objectives - Introduce IoT essential concepts and contents from the perspectives of mapping and interaction between the physical world and cyber world. Meanwhile, social attributes are emphatically discussed in IoT. Preface - Build a fundamental architecture for future IoT, based on which the IoT layered model, topological structure, various existence forms, and corresponding logical relationships are described. Specific case studies are also presented in different application scenarios''-- Read more... Content: Ch. 1. Introduction -- ch. 2. Architecture and fundamentals -- ch. 3. Unit internet of things -- ch. 4. Ubiquitous internet of things -- ch. 5. Resource management -- ch. 6. Loop control in actuation -- ch. 7. Session management -- ch. 8. Space-time consistency and location privacy -- ch. 9. Security and privacy -- ch. 10. Energy management -- ch. 11. Spectrum management -- 12. Nanotechnology -- 13. Quantum technology -- ch. 14. Big data. Abstract: ''Preface Internet of Things (IoT) attracts great attention, and brings promising opportunities and challenges. Research on IoT has important economic and social values for the development of the next generation of information, network, and communication technologies. However, it is still confusing for most people to understand IoT well, including definitions, contents, and differences from other similar concepts. IoT connects and fuses the physical world and cyber world by ubiquitous sensing, connection, and control with definite social attributes. It is hopeful that IoT can emancipate humans from onerous humanmachine interface work and information exploration. This book attempts to provide a future IoT vision, and answer some fundamental questions from various aspects, including concepts, architectures, models, and key technologies. It aims at helping readers find out the fundamental issues in IoT, and to be valuable IoT literature for college students, practicing engineers, researchers, business operators, and policy makers. The book accomplishes three main objectives - Introduce IoT essential concepts and contents from the perspectives of mapping and interaction between the physical world and cyber world. Meanwhile, social attributes are emphatically discussed in IoT. Preface - Build a fundamental architecture for future IoT, based on which the IoT layered model, topological structure, various existence forms, and corresponding logical relationships are described. Specific case studies are also presented in different application scenarios'' Unexpected Expectations: The Curiosities of a Mathematical Crystal Ball explores how paradoxical challenges involving mathematical expectation often necessitate a reexamination of basic premises. The author takes you through mathematical paradoxes associated with seemingly straightforward applications of mathematical expectation and shows how these unexpected contradictions may push you to reconsider the legitimacy of the applications. The book requires only an understanding of basic algebraic operations and includes supplemental mathematical background in chapter appendices. After a history of probability theory, it introduces the basic laws of probability as well as the definition and applications of mathematical expectation/expected value ( E ). The remainder of the text covers unexpected results related to mathematical expectation, including: The roles of aversion and risk in rational decision making A class of expected value paradoxes referred to as envelope problems Parrondo's paradox--how negative (losing) expectations can be combined to give a winning result Problems associated with imperfect recall Non-zero-sum games, such as the game of chicken and the prisoner's dilemma Newcomb's paradox--a great philosophical paradox of free will Benford's law and its use in computer design and fraud detection While useful in areas as diverse as game theory, quantum mechanics, and forensic science, mathematical expectation generates paradoxes that frequently leave questions unanswered yet reveal interesting surprises. Encouraging you to embrace the mysteries of mathematics, this book helps you appreciate the applications of mathematical expectation, "a statistical crystal ball." Mathematical Expectation Or Expected Value Represents The Long-term Average Numerical Outcome To An Experiment Performed A Large Number Of Times. Routinely Used In The Physical Sciences, Business, And Economics, Mathematical Expectation Has Also Been Used To Calculate Strategies In Games Of Chance And Even To Justify The Belief In God. How Can This Expression, Which Is Trivial To Calculate, Have Such Broad Applications And At The Same Time Yield Unexpected Irresolvable Paradoxes? In An Easily Accessible Presentation, This Book Explores These Puzzling And Entertaining Mysteries-- Looking Back -- The Abcs Of E -- Doing The Right Thing -- Aversion Perversion -- And The Envelope Please! -- Parrondo's Paradox : You Can Win For Losing -- Imperfect Recall -- Non-zero-sum Games : The Inadequacy Of Individual Rationality -- Newcomb's Paradox -- Benford's Law -- Let The Mystery Be! Leonard M. Wapner. An A K Peters Book. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. "Mathematical expectation or expected value represents the long-term average numerical outcome to an experiment performed a large number of times. Routinely used in the physical sciences, business, and economics, mathematical expectation has also been used to calculate strategies in games of chance and even to justify the belief in God. How can this expression, which is trivial to calculate, have such broad applications and at the same time yield unexpected irresolvable paradoxes? In an easily accessible presentation, this book explores these puzzling and entertaining mysteries"-- Provided by publisher Front Cover; Dedication; Table of Contents; Acknowledgments; The Crystal Ball; 1. Looking Back; 2. The ABCs of E; 3. Doing the Right Thing; 4. Aversion Perversion; 5. And the Envelope Please!; 6. Parrondo's Paradox: You Can Win for Losing; 7. Imperfect Recall; 8. Non-zero-sum Games: The Inadequacy of Individual Rationality; 9. Newcomb's Paradox; 10. Benford's Law; Let the Mystery Be!; Bibliography