Understanding social psychology across cultures. 14 : Engaging with others in a changing world

Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures Second Edition starts by asking why social psychology needs a cross-cultural perspective. It then examines cultural differences and their origins, before addressing traditional social psychological themes cross-culturally, for example group processes, self and identity, intergroup relations. Themes of contemporary relevance including migration, ethnic conflict and climate change are also covered. Key features: Presentation of concepts and theories made accessible to the reader using practical examples and everyday life experiences from diverse parts of the world, biographical portraits of key researchers in the field, coverage of the appropriate methods for conducting state-of-the-art cross-cultural research. This textbook is appropriate for students of social and cross-cultural psychology. It will also interest practitioners wanting to understand the impact of culture on their fields of work, such as international relations, social policy, health promotion, ethnic relations and international business Title......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Table of Contents......Page 6 Authors......Page 15 Acknowledgements......Page 18 SECTION 1 ESTABLISHING THE FRAMEWORK......Page 20 1. Why Does Social Psychology Need a Cross-Cultural Perspective?......Page 21 Whom Should we be Studying?......Page 22 Understanding Social Change......Page 23 Choosing What to Study and how to Study it......Page 27 The Development of Modern Cross-Cultural Social Psychology......Page 34 Replications......Page 36 Summary......Page 42 Study Questions......Page 43 2. Clarifying the Way Forward with Culture: Theories and Frameworks......Page 45 Cultures, Nations and Societies......Page 47 Values, Beliefs and Behaviours......Page 50 The Hofstede Project......Page 51 Evaluating Hofstede’s Study......Page 56 Studying Individuals and Studying Nations......Page 59 The Schwartz Value Surveys......Page 60 Other Value Surveys......Page 69 Cultures as Systems of Shared Beliefs......Page 72 Culture as Patterns of Behaviour......Page 75 Putting the Picture Together......Page 78 Relating Individuals and Cultures......Page 79 Evaluating Progress......Page 80 Further Reading......Page 83 Study Questions......Page 84 Thaipusam: An Interpretive Challenge......Page 85 Frameworks Addressing the origins of cultural Differences......Page 87 Genetic Transmission: Racial Theories of Intelligence......Page 88 Cultural Transmission......Page 92 The Influence of the Environment: Eco-Cultural Theory......Page 94 Environment Shaping Genetic Transmission: Evolutionary Psychology......Page 103 Environment Shaping Culture: Theories of Cultural Evolution......Page 106 Gene-Culture Co-Evolution......Page 108 Causes, Correlates or Consequences?......Page 111 Thaipusam: A Tentative Explanation......Page 112 Summary......Page 113 Study Questions......Page 114 4. How to do Cross-Cultural Psychology......Page 115 Ethnographic Fieldwork......Page 116 Interviews and Focus Groups......Page 119 Cultural Products and Media Content......Page 120 Psychometric Tests......Page 126 Sources of Bias in Cross-Cultural Research......Page 127 Construct bias......Page 128 Instrument bias......Page 132 Administration bias......Page 135 Sampling bias......Page 137 The Quest for Cross-Cultural Equivalence......Page 138 Structural equivalence......Page 139 Metric equivalence......Page 141 Scalar equivalence......Page 143 Experiments......Page 144 Priming Studies......Page 146 Individual-Level and Nation-Level Explanation......Page 147 Interpreting non-equivalent results......Page 150 Multi-Level Modeling......Page 151 The Unpackaging of Culture......Page 153 Meta-Analysis: A Useful Tool for Integrating Research......Page 156 Studying the Ik......Page 157 Study Questions......Page 158 SECTION 2 CORE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 159 The Culture and Personality School......Page 160 Mapping the Personality of Individuals and their Cultural Groups......Page 161 The Lexically Derived Big Five......Page 162 The Big Five in Personality Inventories......Page 164 Is the Five-Factor Model of Personality Complete?......Page 171 What can these Understandings of Personality Help to Explain?......Page 174 National Differences......Page 175 Gender Differences......Page 177 Happiness and Subjective Well-Being......Page 178 Situational Determinants of Behaviour......Page 180 Perceiving and Interacting with Others......Page 182 The If-Then Model of Social Behaviour......Page 188 Summary......Page 189 Further Reading......Page 190 Study Questions......Page 191 Interdependence And Cognition......Page 192 Correspondence Bias......Page 198 Broadening the Sampling Focus......Page 199 Priming Cognition......Page 200 Some limitations of priming......Page 204 Achievement Motivation......Page 206 Self-Determination......Page 208 Hierarchy of Motives?......Page 209 Emotion......Page 210 The Universality of Emotions......Page 211 The Component Theory of Emotion......Page 216 Further Reading......Page 219 Study Questions......Page 220 7. Self and Identity Processes......Page 221 Individualism-Collectivism......Page 222 Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals......Page 225 Measuring Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals......Page 229 Unpackaging Cultural Differences with Self-Construal Measures......Page 233 Why Doesn’t the Mediation Model Work Better?......Page 235 Inadequate sampling......Page 237 Self-construal scores as ideological positions......Page 238 Finer Specification of Self-Construal Dimensions......Page 239 From Self to Context: Cultural Mandates, Values and Tasks......Page 243 Analysing Cultural Products......Page 246 Priming Independence and Interdependence......Page 247 Markus and Kitayama: 20 years on......Page 250 Distinctiveness: Difference, Separateness and Social Position......Page 251 Continuity: Stability Across and Within Contexts, and Narrative Coherence......Page 254 Self-Esteem: Enhancement, Criticism and Improvement......Page 256 Summary: Beyond Relativism, Beyond Internalisation......Page 263 Study Questions......Page 264 8. Cultural Norms and Socialisation Processes......Page 266 Life Stages and Culture......Page 267 Infancy......Page 268 Parental Ethnotheories......Page 271 Parenting Styles......Page 275 Family Structure......Page 276 Family Structure and Self-Construal......Page 284 Schooling......Page 285 Organisational Socialisation......Page 286 Subjective Culture......Page 288 Measuring Norms......Page 289 Intersubjective Culture......Page 292 Continuity and Change......Page 295 Summary......Page 296 Further Reading......Page 297 Study Questions......Page 298 Verbal Communication......Page 299 Language......Page 300 Conversational constraints and goals......Page 302 Directness......Page 303 In-group speech and out-group speech......Page 306 Non-Verbal Communication......Page 308 Proximity......Page 309 Gestures......Page 311 Crying......Page 312 New ways of thinking about non-verbal behaviour......Page 313 Politeness and Insults......Page 314 Face......Page 316 Embarrassment......Page 318 Trust and Altruism......Page 319 Generalised trust......Page 320 Helping......Page 321 Friendship......Page 324 Intimate Relationships......Page 327 Gender differences......Page 328 Physical attractiveness......Page 329 Attachment......Page 330 Marriage......Page 332 Summary......Page 335 Study Questions......Page 336 10. Group Processes......Page 338 Dimensions of Justice......Page 339 Distributive Justice......Page 341 Interactional Justice......Page 343 Justice Motives and Reactions to Injustice......Page 344 Types of Social Influence......Page 347 Informal Influence Processes......Page 348 Culture-Specific Influence Strategies......Page 349 Guanxi......Page 350 Amae......Page 351 Jeitinho......Page 352 Conflict and Negotiation......Page 355 The GLOBE Project......Page 363 Contextualising Leadership......Page 366 Paternalism......Page 367 Honour Cultures......Page 370 Working in Teams......Page 373 Feedback processes......Page 375 Multicultural teams......Page 376 Further Reading......Page 379 Study Questions......Page 380 SECTION 3 THE WORLD IN FLUX......Page 381 11. Intercultural Contact......Page 382 Language Issues......Page 386 First language speakers......Page 387 Second language speakers......Page 388 The Language Choice Option......Page 389 No Common Language......Page 391 Towards Intercultural Effectiveness......Page 393 Cultural Intelligence......Page 394 Understanding the need for behaviour change......Page 396 Changing behaviour......Page 397 Stereotypes and Essentialism......Page 398 Cross-Cultural Skills......Page 400 Cross-Cultural Training......Page 401 Psychological and Socio-Cultural Adaptation......Page 405 Types of Contact......Page 406 Tourists......Page 408 Student Sojourners......Page 409 Organisational Sojourners......Page 411 Summary......Page 413 Study Questions......Page 414 Social Identity Processes......Page 416 Views of the ‘Other’......Page 422 Political Groups......Page 423 Social Dominance Orientation......Page 424 National Stereotypes......Page 426 Hetero-Stereotypes......Page 427 Auto-Stereotypes......Page 431 Constructing Nationhood......Page 433 Ethnic Stereotyping......Page 436 Stereotypes and Behaviours......Page 437 Determinants of Ethnic Prejudice......Page 438 Integrated threat theory......Page 440 System justification theory......Page 441 Cross-national predictors......Page 442 Essentialism......Page 445 Religion and Intergroup Relations......Page 446 The Contact Hypothesis......Page 448 Intergroup Reconciliation......Page 451 Further Reading......Page 454 Study Questions......Page 455 Migration......Page 456 Conceptual Issues......Page 458 The Bi-Dimensional Model of Acculturation......Page 460 Including majority attitudes......Page 463 The reciprocal perspective......Page 464 Measurement Issues......Page 465 Non-migrant controls......Page 466 Acculturation Processes......Page 467 The Majority Perspective......Page 468 The Minority Perspective......Page 472 Individual mobility......Page 473 Social creativity......Page 475 Biculturalism......Page 477 Who Does the Acculturating?......Page 485 Study Questions......Page 486 Industrialisation And Modernity......Page 488 Globalisation......Page 490 Geographical Mobility......Page 491 Globalised Media......Page 492 Climate Change......Page 493 Evaluating Nation-Level Change......Page 494 The Inglehart Project......Page 495 Value Change over Time......Page 499 Other Ways Of Examining Cultural Change......Page 505 German reunification......Page 508 China’s one-child policy......Page 509 Families and Cultural Change......Page 511 Technology and Cultural Change......Page 512 Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Change......Page 514 Global Inequality......Page 515 Cultural Identity Processes......Page 516 Further Reading......Page 517 Study Questions......Page 518 Why Focus so Much on Nations? It Sustains Stereotyping and Everyone Knows that Nations Include Diverse Populations......Page 519 Now that we have Valid Individual-Level Measures of Beliefs and Values, Why do we Need Higher-Level Measures?......Page 522 Too Narrow......Page 525 Have we Paid Enough Attention to Indigenous, Emic Approaches?......Page 527 Providing Information on the Nature of Cultural Differences and Their Importance......Page 530 Working Multiculturally......Page 531 How Can Cross-Cultural Psychology Best Move Forward?......Page 533 Ron Fischer......Page 534 Viv Vignoles......Page 535 Michael Bond......Page 536 Peter Smith......Page 537 Glossary......Page 540 References......Page 551 Author Index......Page 647 Subject Index......Page 667 Provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to classic perspectives and introduces cutting edge research on culture, discussed in terms of its implications for contemporary global issues such as migration, international development, ethnic conflict, climate change and sustainability. The book starts by asking the question: why does social psychology need a cross-cultural perspective? It then follows to examine cultural differences as well as the origins and dynamics of different cultures before addressing traditional social psychological themes within cross-cultural contexts, for example group processes, self and identity, intergroup relations. This textbook is appropriate for advanced undergraduate courses and graduate programmes in social and cross-cultural psychology. It will also interest students wanting to understand the impact of culture on their fields of work, such as international relations, social policy, health promotion, ethnic relations and international business