Understanding Electric Power Systems: An Overview of the Technology, the Marketplace, and Government Regulation (IEEE Press Understanding Science & Technology Series)

Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today's environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Reliability Company. Significant changes that are affecting the industry are covered in this new edition, including: The expanded role of the federal government in the planning and operation of the nation's electric utilitiesNew energy laws and a large number of FERC regulations implementing these lawsConcerns over global warming and potential impacts on the electric industryPressures for expansion of the electric grid and the implementation of "smart-grid" technologiesThe growing importance of various energy-storage technologies and renewable energy sourcesNew nuclear generation technologiesThe 2009 economic stimulus package UNDERSTANDING ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 8 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 18 Acknowledgments......Page 22 1.1 Societal Benefits of Electricity......Page 24 1.2 Origin of the Industry......Page 25 1.3 The Development of the National Electric Power Grid......Page 28 1.4 “The Golden Age”......Page 31 Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis......Page 32 The Fuel Crisis—The Shift from Oil......Page 33 The Financial Crisis......Page 34 The Legislative and Regulatory Crisis......Page 35 1.6 Restructuring, Competition, and the Industry Ownership Structure......Page 36 CHAPTER 2 The Electric Power System......Page 38 2.1 The Customers......Page 39 2.2 Sources of the Electric Energy—Generation......Page 40 2.3 The Delivery System......Page 43 The Grid......Page 47 CHAPTER 3 Basic Electric Power Concepts......Page 50 3.1 Electric Energy......Page 51 3.2 Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity......Page 53 Alternating Current (AC)......Page 54 Three Phases......Page 56 Resistance......Page 57 Induction and Inductive Reactance......Page 58 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance......Page 59 3.4 Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current......Page 61 3.5 Power in Alternating Current Circuits......Page 62 Reactive Power......Page 63 Transformers......Page 65 Division of Power Flow......Page 66 3.7 Stability......Page 67 Automatic Generation Controls (AGC)......Page 69 Results of Instability......Page 70 4.1 End Uses for Electricity......Page 72 4.2 Customer Classes......Page 73 4.4 Demand and Energy......Page 74 Energy......Page 75 Effects of Load Diversity......Page 76 4.5 System Load......Page 78 Load Management......Page 80 4.7 Losses and Unaccounted-For Energy in the Delivery System......Page 82 4.8 Forecasts......Page 84 5.1 Generation’s Role......Page 88 5.2 Types of Generation......Page 89 Steam Cycle—Steam Turbines......Page 92 Combustion (Gas) Turbines......Page 93 Combined Cycle......Page 94 Nuclear......Page 95 Reciprocating Engines......Page 96 Geothermal......Page 97 Hydroturbines and Hydropumped Storage......Page 98 Wind Turbines......Page 100 Distributed Generation and Other Sources......Page 101 Supply-Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 102 Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions......Page 106 5.7 Characteristics of Generating Plants......Page 107 Size......Page 108 Efficiency......Page 110 Availability......Page 111 5.8 Capital Cost of Generation......Page 113 Synchronous Generators......Page 114 Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation......Page 115 5.11 System Needs and Evaluation of Intermittent Resources......Page 116 6.1 Components......Page 120 Overhead Lines......Page 121 Overhead Line Capability—Ratings......Page 122 Cable Capacity......Page 124 6.3 Substations......Page 125 Substation Equipment......Page 126 6.4 HVDC......Page 131 6.5 Advantages of AC over DC Operation......Page 133 Advantages of HVDC......Page 134 Disadvantages of HVDC......Page 135 6.5 Knowledge Required of Transmission Systems......Page 136 7.1 Function of Distribution......Page 138 Radial Systems......Page 139 Secondary Systems......Page 140 7.3 Distribution Capacity......Page 141 7.5 Distribution Facility Ratings......Page 142 7.7 Control of Distribution Voltages......Page 143 Distribution Transformers......Page 144 Voltage Regulators......Page 145 7.8 Distribution System Reliability......Page 146 7.10 Quality of Service......Page 147 7.12 Distributed Generation......Page 148 7.13 Operation of Distribution Systems......Page 149 7.14 Smart Grids and Microgrids......Page 150 CHAPTER 8 Energy Storage and Other New Technologies......Page 152 Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation......Page 154 Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution......Page 155 Mechanical Systems......Page 156 Thermal Energy Storage......Page 159 Batteries......Page 161 Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems......Page 162 Electrical Storage......Page 163 Power Conversion Equipment......Page 164 8.3 Smart Grid......Page 165 8.4 New Nuclear Plant Designs......Page 169 8.5 Carbon Sequestration and Clean Coal Technologies......Page 173 8.6 Superconductors......Page 176 9.1 Causes of Outages......Page 178 9.2 Costs of Power Outages......Page 180 9.3 Ways to Measure Reliability......Page 181 9.4 Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate Power System......Page 182 Generation......Page 187 Transmission......Page 188 9.5 Summary......Page 189 CHAPTER 10 The Physical Network: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Its Standards......Page 190 10.1 NERC as Electric Reliability Organization......Page 192 Functional Model......Page 194 10.3 Development of Standards......Page 199 Market Interface Principles......Page 200 Other NERC Responsibilities......Page 202 The Future......Page 203 11.1 Balancing Authorities......Page 204 Area Control......Page 205 11.2 Reliability Coordinators......Page 207 Power Transfer Limits......Page 209 Determination of Total Transfer Capability......Page 210 Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow......Page 211 Ancillary Services......Page 212 11.4 Voltage and Reactive Control......Page 214 11.5 Emergencies......Page 215 Operating Emergencies......Page 216 11.6 Information Exchange......Page 217 CHAPTER 12 The Physical Network: Planning of the Electric Bulk Power System......Page 220 12.2 Generation Planning......Page 221 12.3 Transmission Planning......Page 223 Transmission System Planning Studies......Page 226 12.5 The New Planning Environment......Page 228 Recent Transmission Projects......Page 234 13.1 Pricing and Regulation......Page 236 13.3 Federal Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA)......Page 237 13.4 Federal Power Act......Page 239 13.6 Department of Energy Organization Act......Page 242 13.7 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA)......Page 243 13.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct02)......Page 245 13.9 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05)......Page 247 13.11 Environmental Laws......Page 250 13.12 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act......Page 253 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)......Page 254 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)......Page 256 Department of Energy (DOE)......Page 257 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)......Page 259 FERC Actions after EPAct92......Page 260 Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure......Page 265 Siting Major New Transmission Facilities......Page 268 Repeal of PUHCA—Mergers and Acquisitions......Page 269 Market-Based Rates......Page 270 Recent EPA Actions......Page 271 State Regulatory Authority......Page 272 State Utility Restructuring......Page 273 Overall Regulatory Problems......Page 274 15.1 Smart Grid......Page 276 15.2 Financial and Business Operations......Page 277 15.4 Distribution Operations......Page 278 15.5 Cyber Security......Page 279 15.6 Nuclear Plant Security......Page 282 CHAPTER 16 The Fuel and Energy Network......Page 284 16.1 Resource Procurement......Page 287 16.2 Fuel Transportation......Page 288 16.3 Fuel Diversity......Page 289 16.4 Fossil Fuels Used......Page 290 16.5 Renewable Energy......Page 292 16.7 Emission Rights......Page 294 17.1 Investment and Cost Recovery......Page 296 Functional Unbundling......Page 297 Holding Company Formation......Page 298 Power Plant Divestitures......Page 300 Independent Transmission Companies and Operators......Page 302 Distributors......Page 303 17.4 New Corporate Ownership......Page 304 Acquisitions by Foreign Companies......Page 305 Financial Institutions......Page 306 CHAPTER 18 The Money Network: Wholesale Markets......Page 308 18.1 The Energy Markets......Page 309 Standard Market Design (SMD)......Page 311 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)......Page 312 Transmission Rights......Page 314 Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs)......Page 315 Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs)......Page 316 Contracts and Agreements......Page 317 Construction Work in Progress (CWIP)......Page 318 Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits......Page 319 Average Costs versus Incremental Costs......Page 320 18.5 Market Power Issues......Page 321 18.6 The Future......Page 322 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)......Page 324 The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)......Page 326 NEMA......Page 327 The American Public Power Association (APPA)......Page 328 The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON)......Page 329 Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA)......Page 330 Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)......Page 331 19.4 Research Organizations......Page 332 Other Research......Page 333 The Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC)......Page 334 Index......Page 336 A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN'S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today's environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Reliability Company. Significant changes that are affecting the industry are covered in this new edition, including: The expanded role of the federal government in the planning and operation of the nation's electric utilities New energy laws and a large number of FERC regulations implementing these laws Concerns over global warming and potential impacts on the electric industry Pressures for expansion of the electric grid and the implementation of'smart-grid'technologies The growing importance of various energy-storage technologies and renewable energy sources New nuclear generation technologies The 2009 economic stimulus package Benefits of electric power and a history of the electric power industry The electric power system Basic electric power concepts Electric energy consumption Electric power generation and concerns about greenhouse gases The technology of the electric transmission system Distribution Energy storage and other new technologies Reliability The physical network: the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and its standards The physical network: operation of the electric bulk power The physical network: planning of the electric bulk power system The regulatory network: legislation The regulatory network: the regulators The information, communication, and control network and security The fuel and energy network The business network: market participants The money network: wholesale markets The professional and industry organizations. Technological advances in generation, transmission, distribution, and system operation are changing and will continue to change the industry in the coming years. Fully updated to reflect recent changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this second edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems provides a realworld view of electric power systems, how they operate, how the organizations are structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. Written for individuals in government, business, educational institutions, this updated version of a classic explains concepts and jargon of the electric power industry to the layperson

In this overview for students, policymakers, and professionals, Casazza, current president of the American Education Institute and a former utility executive and consultant, and Delea, formerly employed in a decision-making capacity at Consolidated Edison, Inc., explain how electric power systems work, how they are structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced, looking at technology, policy, economic, and business aspects of the industry. Annotation ©2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR