Understanding Ageing for Nurses and Therapists (Perspectives in Nursing Management and Care for Older Adults)

« This volume is a practical resource for all those responsible for caring for older people across health and social care. It provides a comprehensive and holistic approach helping nurses, therapists and social care professionals to better understand the impact of ageing upon the person and wider society. A unique feature of this text is the focus upon positive ageing and the attempt to dispel and challenge some of the myths, prejudices and negative attitudes that still prevail towards ageing and older people. A key objective of the book is to introduce practitioners to some of the neglected or under-addressed aspects of ageing such as spirituality, sexuality, and LGBT. Chapters are written in an engaging and interactive style and where appropriate draw upon case studies and scenarios to maximize engagement developing competence, by informing knowledge, attitudes and skills. The text introduces the practitioner to key dimensions of what it is to be a person, physically, psychologically, socially and spiritually and how these contribute to the ageing process and can enhance the quality of life of older people. Irrespective of whether one cares for older people in an acute hospital setting or domiciliary, home care, this text will be of relevance. The material and content transcend health and social care boundaries, providing valuable, contemporary evidence that can inform and shape practice. Above all this text will encourage reflection, dialogue and engagement with some fundamental aspects of ageing, challenging, attitudes, values and behaviour so that a more positive and balanced insight towards ageing is fostered. This book will ensure that self-awareness and professional practice are enriched and informed and the practitioner has a holistic understanding of ageing that will enable them to care for older people with compassion, dignity and respect.»--Quatrième de couverture Foreword Contents 1: Introduction: Understand Ageing and How We Care for Older People—Reflections, Legacy and Lessons Learned in the Wake of COVID-19 1.1 Demographics and Context 1.2 A Global Pandemic 1.3 Older People Inspiring a Generation 1.4 Norway Chooses a Different Approach 1.5 Age Is Not an Indicator of Ability 1.6 Positive Attitudes Towards Ageing 1.7 The Need for a Holistic and Person-Centred Approach 1.8 Legacy and Lessons Learned 1.9 Overview of the Book References 2: Physiology and Ageing 2.1 Learning Objectives 2.2 Introduction to the Topic 2.2.1 What Is Ageing? 2.2.2 Why Do We Age? 2.2.2.1 What Is the Reason for Ageing? 2.3 The Underlying Processes that Lead to Ageing 2.4 Cancer and Ageing 2.5 Ageing of the Systems of the Body 2.5.1 The Central Nervous System [6] 2.5.2 Skin [7] 2.5.3 Cardiovascular System [8] 2.5.4 Respiratory System [9] 2.5.5 Skeletomuscular System [10] 2.5.6 Digestive System [11] 2.5.7 Renal System [12] 2.5.8 Sensory System 2.5.8.1 Sight [13] 2.5.8.2 Hearing [13] 2.5.8.3 Touch 2.5.8.4 Taste and Smell 2.5.9 Endocrine System [14] 2.5.10 Reproductive System [15] 2.5.11 Immune System [16] 2.6 Consequences of Physiological Ageing 2.7 Mitigating the Effects of Ageing 2.8 Summary 2.9 Suggested Further Reading and URLs References 3: Life History of Older People: Social Theories and the Sociology of Ageing 3.1 Learning Objectives 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Social Theories of Age and Ageing: An Introductory Overview 3.3.1 Traditional Approaches 3.3.2 Contemporary Approaches 3.4 Ageism, Stigma and Stereotyping 3.4.1 Impact of Ageism 3.4.2 The Impact of Language 3.5 Life History Approaches: Introduction and Origins 3.5.1 Explaining Life Story Work 3.5.2 Life Story Work: Benefits and Applications 3.5.3 Implementing Life Story Work: Formats, Tools and Processes 3.5.4 Taking It Further 3.6 Summary of Main Points 3.7 Suggested Reading References 4: Spiritual Care and Dignity in Old Age 4.1 Learning Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Spirituality, Religion and Existential Aspects of Care 4.3.1 Spirituality and Religion 4.3.2 Existential 4.4 Alleviate Suffering 4.5 Dignity and Respect 4.5.1 Dignity in Old Age 4.6 Summary of Main Points 4.7 Suggested Reading and Resources References 5: The Psychology of Ageing 5.1 Learning Objectives 5.2 Introduction 5.2.1 A Lifespan Perspective on Ageing 5.2.2 The Psychology of Ageing: What Is It? 5.3 Changes in Cognition 5.3.1 Sensory Perception and Attention 5.3.2 Memory 5.3.3 Learning and Intelligence 5.3.4 Brain Plasticity and Cognitive Reserve 5.3.5 Cognitive Training and Stimulation 5.4 Personality Throughout the Lifespan 5.4.1 Erikson’s Theory of Personality Development 5.4.2 Five-Factor Model of Personality 5.4.3 Stability and Change in Personality and Emotions 5.4.4 Personality and Health 5.5 Coping and Sense of Control 5.5.1 Coping and Coping Strategies 5.5.2 Sense of Control 5.6 Mental Health Problems in Old Age 5.6.1 Risk Factors 5.6.2 Preventive Strategies 5.6.3 Treatment 5.6.4 Intellectual Disability and Ageing 5.7 Summary of Main Points 5.8 Suggested Reading References 6: Sexual Intimacy and Ageing 6.1 Learning Objectives 6.2 Introduction 6.3 Sexual Intimacy in Older Age 6.3.1 Sex 6.3.2 Sexual Health 6.3.3 Sexual Rights 6.4 Physiological Changes Relating to Sexual Activity 6.4.1 Changes in the Female Body 6.4.2 Changes in the Male Body 6.4.3 Changes Concerning Both Sexes 6.5 Barriers to Sexual Intimacy 6.5.1 Societal Barriers 6.5.2 Stigma and Stereotypes 6.6 Barriers to Accessing Healthcare 6.7 Enablers for Sexual Intimacy in Older Age 6.7.1 Relationships 6.7.2 Information About Sexuality for Older People 6.7.3 Interventions 6.8 The Role of Healthcare Practitioners 6.8.1 The PLISSIT Model 6.9 Summary of Main Points 6.10 Suggested Reading and URLs References 7: The Frailty Approach: Rest-of-Life Care of the Older Person 7.1 Learning Objectives 7.2 Introduction 7.2.1 A Frailty Approach 7.2.2 Demography: National and International 7.3 The Key Elements of a Frailty Approach: Defining the Core Concepts 7.3.1 Frailty: Definition of a Diagnosis 7.3.2 Dementia and Its Close Connection with Frailty 7.3.3 Delirium 7.3.4 Perplexing Behaviour 7.3.5 Capacity 7.3.6 Polypharmacy: How Medications Can Cause Rather Than Solve Problems 7.3.7 Co-morbidities 7.3.8 Falls 7.3.9 Deconditioning 7.4 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: Crossing Boundaries Not Patrolling Them 7.4.1 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: A Proven Tool 7.4.2 The Four Domains of the CGA: MSFC—Medical, Social, Functional and Cognitive 7.4.2.1 Medical: A Foundation But Only 25% of the Story 7.4.2.2 Social: The Context of Day-to-Day Living 7.4.2.3 Functional: The Importance of the Multidisciplinary Approach 7.4.2.4 Cognition: Rapid But Accurate 7.4.2.5 Summarising: Recording and Making a Plan of Care 7.5 Practical Application of CGA: A Clinical Scenario Employing Tips and Tools Described in This Chapter 7.6 Summary 7.7 Taking It Further: Suggested Further Reading References 8: Nutrition and Ageing 8.1 Learning Objectives 8.2 Introduction 8.3 Malnutrition 8.3.1 Causes of Malnutrition 8.3.2 Prevalence of Malnutrition 8.3.3 Consequences of Malnutrition 8.4 Eating for Healthy Ageing and Preventing Malnutrition 8.5 Nutritional Interventions to Treat Malnutrition 8.5.1 Food Fortification 8.5.2 Finger Food 8.5.3 Enhanced Flavours and Smells 8.5.4 Texture Modification 8.6 Behavioural and Environmental Interventions 8.6.1 Exercise and Preventing Sarcopenia 8.7 Summary of Main Points 8.8 Suggested Reading References 9: Continuity of Care 9.1 Learning Objectives 9.2 Introduction to the Topic 9.3 Theory, Rationale, and Evidence Base 9.3.1 Analysis 9.3.2 Anti-Discriminatory Practice 9.3.3 Counselling 9.3.4 Education 9.3.5 Relationship-Based Practice 9.4 Signposting 9.5 Taking It Further 9.6 Summary 9.7 Suggested Further Reading and URLs References 10: Palliative and End of Life Care 10.1 Learning objectives 10.2 Introduction 10.3 Theory and Evidence 10.3.1 End of Life and Palliative Care for Older People 10.3.2 Beyond Biomedical Evidence 10.4 Taking Your Studies Further 10.5 Summary of Main Points 10.6 Suggested Reading and Resources References 11: Self-Neglect and Loneliness in Older Age 11.1 Learning Objectives 11.2 Introduction 11.3 Self-Neglect 11.3.1 Understanding Self-Neglect 11.3.2 How Does Self-Neglect Affect the Individual? 11.3.3 Best Practice 11.3.4 The Relationship with Vulnerability 11.4 Loneliness 11.4.1 International Perspectives 11.4.2 The Impact of Loneliness 11.4.3 Best Practice 11.5 Isolation 11.6 Summary of Main Points 11.7 Suggested Reading References 12: Legal and Ethical Aspects: Elder Abuse and Safeguarding 12.1 Learning Objectives 12.2 Introduction 12.3 Ethical Issues 12.4 Elder Abuse and Safeguarding People at Risk 12.4.1 Classification of Abuse 12.5 Safeguarding People at Risk 12.5.1 Key Articles of the (ECHR 1950) Human Rights Act 1998 12.6 Taking It Further: Safeguarding and Patient-Centred Care 12.7 Summary of Main Points for Learning References Cases Statutes (UK) Recommended Reading 13: Applying Critical Concepts: Clinical Governance, Quality, and Review to the Older Persons Context 13.1 Learning Objectives 13.2 Introduction 13.3 Why Is Clinical Governance Important When Caring for Older People in Health and Care Settings 13.4 Raising Your Awareness of Sound Governance Principles and Practices and How These Should Be Applied, Adhered to, and Evaluated in Your Practice 13.5 Recognising, Responding, and Knowing How to Escalate Care Concerns for Both Patients and Staff 13.6 Summary of Main Points 13.7 Suggested Reading References 14: Contemporary Developments 14.1 Learning Objectives 14.2 Introduction 14.3 Telecare: A Necessary Competence Within Contemporary Care 14.4 The Nursing Process in Telecare Assessment 14.5 What These Two Cases Demonstrate 14.6 The Voice of Older People in Research 14.7 Caring for the Carer 14.8 Summary 14.9 Suggested Reading References Afterword "This volume is a practical resource for all those responsible for caring for older people across health and social care. It provides a comprehensive and holistic approach helping nurses, therapists and social care professionals to better understand the impact of ageing upon the person and wider society. A unique feature of this text is the focus upon positive ageing and the attempt to dispel and challenge some of the myths, prejudices and negative attitudes that still prevail towards ageing and older people. A key objective of the book is to introduce practitioners to some of the neglected or under-addressed aspects of ageing such as spirituality, sexuality, and LGBT. Chapters are written in an engaging and interactive style and where appropriate draw upon case studies and scenarios to maximize engagement developing competence, by informing knowledge, attitudes and skills. The text introduces the practitioner to key dimensions of what it is to be a person, physically, psychologically, socially and spiritually and how these contribute to the ageing process and can enhance the quality of life of older people. Irrespective of whether one cares for older people in an acute hospital setting or domiciliary, home care, this text will be of relevance. The material and content transcend health and social care boundaries, providing valuable, contemporary evidence that can inform and shape practice. Above all this text will encourage reflection, dialogue and engagement with some fundamental aspects of ageing, challenging, attitudes, values and behaviour so that a more positive and balanced insight towards ageing is fostered. This book will ensure that self-awareness and professional practice are enriched and informed and the practitioner has a holistic understanding of ageing that will enable them to care for older people with compassion, dignity and respect."--Back cover