Underground engineering : planning, design, construction and operation of the underground space

Underground Engineering: Planning, Design, Construction and Operation of the Underground Space provides the author's vast experience as both an academic and practitioner. It covers Planning, Design, Construction and the Operation of Underground Structures. Targeted at young professionals, students and researchers new to the field, the book contains examples, illustrations and cases from diverse underground uses, from roads to disposal facilities. Sections cover the history of the field, upcoming challenges, the planning stage of the subsurface use, including financial planning and reliability forecasting, site investigation, instrumentation and modeling, construction techniques and challenges, and more. Young professionals in this area will benefit from the updated and complete overview of Underground Engineering. Students will find the examples and cases particularly didactic. Richly illustrated, this book is an excellent resource for all involved in the development of the underground space.- Offers a complete introduction to the area, including planning, design, construction and the operation of underground structures- Assumes little previous knowledge from readers- Presents the most recent techniques and future technical trends- Richly illustrated and packed with examples to help readers understand the fundamentals of the area images 1 0-1-Front-matter 2 Underground Engineering 3 0-2-Copyright 4 Copyright 4 0-3-Preface 5 Preface 5 0-4-Acknowledgments 7 Acknowledgments 7 0-5-Brief-Introduction 8 Brief Introduction 8 1-Chapter 1 - History of Subsurface Development 9 1 History of Subsurface Development 9 1.1 Caves and Grottos 10 1.1.1 Caves as Burial Sites 11 1.1.2 Caves as Temples and Monasteries 12 1.1.3 Caves as Dwellings 12 1.2 Ancient Mines 12 1.3 Water Tunnels 15 1.3.1 Tunnels to Supply Water 15 1.3.2 Tunnels to Ensure Drainage 16 1.4 Underground Power Stations 18 1.5 Transportation Tunnels 20 1.5.1 Railway Tunnels 20 1.5.2 Road Tunnels 21 1.5.3 Metro Tunnels for Cities 22 1.6 Underground Recreational Facilities 24 1.7 Underground Space for the Future 25 1.7.1 Underground Space in Cities 25 1.7.2 Future Tunnels 25 1.7.3 Energy Supply Research 26 1.7.4 Submerged Floating Tunnels 26 1.7.5 Moon Caverns 27 1.8 Questions 29 References 29 Further Reading 31 2-Chapter 2 - Planning the Use of Subsurface Space 32 2 Planning the Use of Subsurface Space 32 2.1 Economic Benefits 33 2.2 Types of Underground Spaces 35 2.3 Depth in Underground Planning 35 2.4 Underground Level Planning 36 2.4.1 Criteria 36 2.4.2 Considerations 38 2.4.3 Planning Phases 38 2.4.4 Sustainable and Integrated Planning 38 2.5 Financial Planning 41 2.5.1 Principles of Financial Planning 41 2.5.2 Financial Mechanisms and Responsibilities 42 2.6 Reliability of Forecasting 44 2.7 Case Study: Transnational Railway Under the Himalayas 45 2.7.1 Background 45 2.7.2 Demand Projection 46 2.7.3 Alignment Selection 47 2.7.4 Challenges and Countermeasures 49 2.8 Questions 51 References 51 Further Reading 52 3-Chapter 3 - Design of Underground Structures 53 3 Design of Underground Structures 53 3.1 Design Models for Underground Structures 55 3.1.1 Empirical Models 57 3.1.1.1 Rock Mass Rating 57 3.1.1.2 Q-System 60 3.1.1.3 Limitations, Links, and Extensions of Rock Mass Rating and Q 67 3.1.2 Load–Structure Model 68 3.1.2.1 Load Types 68 3.1.2.2 Influence on Loads Caused by Tunnel Depth and Diameter 71 3.1.2.3 Design Principle 73 3.1.2.4 Analytical Solution for Soil Displacement Around Deep Excavation in Soft Clay 73 3.1.3 Ground–Structure Model 81 3.1.3.1 Numerical Methods 86 3.1.4 Convergence and Confined Models 89 3.1.5 Tunnel Information Modeling 91 3.1.5.1 Database Management 92 3.1.5.2 Tunnel Information Model 93 3.2 Site Investigation 94 3.2.1 Scopes of Site Investigation 95 3.2.2 Stages of Site Investigation 96 3.2.3 Site Investigation Methods 97 3.2.4 Application of Digital Underground 100 3.2.5 Site Investigation Reports 103 3.3 Instrumentation and Monitoring 105 3.3.1 Purposes of Instrumentation and Monitoring 105 3.3.2 Parameters to Be Monitored 107 3.3.3 Types of Instrumentation 107 3.3.4 Interpreting Monitoring Results 109 3.4 Back Analysis 111 3.4.1 Definition 111 3.4.2 Process 112 3.5 Case Study: Planning and Design of the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel 113 3.5.1 Three Methods of Tunnel Lining Design Given by the ITA 114 3.5.1.1 Design Methods for Tunnel Lining 115 3.5.1.2 Comparison Between Tunnel Lining Design Methods 116 3.6 Questions 117 References 119 Further Reading 121 4-Chapter 4 - Underground Construction 122 4 Underground Construction 122 4.1 Cut-and-Cover Construction 123 4.1.1 Bottom-Up Method 123 4.1.2 Top-Down Method 124 4.1.3 Semi-Top-Down Method 124 4.1.4 Cut-and-Cover in Soil Formation 126 4.1.4.1 Retaining Walls 126 4.1.4.2 Pit Excavation and Support 133 4.1.4.3 Structure Construction and Backfilling 134 4.1.5 Cut-and-Cover in Rock Formation 136 4.1.5.1 Retaining Wall Construction 136 4.2 Conventional Tunneling 138 4.2.1 Excavation Method 143 4.2.1.1 Full-Face Excavation 143 4.2.1.2 Stage Excavation 144 4.2.1.3 Crown Heading Excavation 144 4.2.1.4 CD Excavation 145 4.2.1.5 CRD Excavation 145 4.2.1.6 Sidewall Adit Heading Excavation 145 4.2.2 Support System 146 4.2.2.1 Anchors and Rock Bolts 146 4.2.2.2 Lattice Girders 147 4.2.2.3 Sprayed Concrete 149 4.2.2.4 Presupport 149 4.2.3 Waterjet Technology 150 4.3 Mechanical Tunneling 150 4.3.1 Tunnel Boring Machine Types 151 4.3.1.1 Gripper Tunnel Boring Machine 151 4.3.1.2 Double-Shield Tunnel Boring Machine 152 4.3.1.3 Single-Shield Tunnel Boring Machine 153 4.3.1.4 Earth Pressure Balance Machines 153 4.3.1.5 Slurry Tunnel Boring Machine 155 4.3.1.6 Mixshield Technology 155 4.3.1.7 Pipe Jacking 155 4.3.1.8 Partial-Face Excavation Machine 156 4.3.1.9 Noncircular Shields 157 4.3.1.10 Deep Drilling Technology 158 4.3.2 Excavation Tools 159 4.3.3 Muck Management 160 4.3.3.1 Muck Transportation 160 4.3.3.2 Muck Disposal 160 4.3.4 Tunnel Lining 161 4.3.4.1 Fabrication 161 4.3.4.2 Storage 162 4.3.4.3 Transportation 162 4.3.4.4 Segment Erection 162 4.3.5 Tailskin Seal 164 4.3.6 Grouting 166 4.3.7 Surveying and Guidance Systems 167 4.3.8 Comparison of Tunnel Boring Machine and Conventional Excavation 167 4.4 Immersed Tunnels 168 4.4.1 Types of Immersed Tunnels 169 4.4.1.1 Single-Shell Steel Tunnel 170 4.4.1.2 Double-Shell Steel Tunnel 171 4.4.1.3 Sandwich Construction 172 4.4.1.4 Concrete-Immersed Tunnels 172 4.4.2 Construction Method 172 4.4.3 Waterproofing 178 4.4.4 Immersion Joints 179 4.4.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Immersed Tunnels 180 4.5 Bund Tunnel Case Study: Key Protection Techniques Adopted and Analysis of Influence on Adjacent Buildings Due to Constr... 181 4.5.1 Introduction 181 4.5.2 Measures Taken to Protect Adjacent Buildings and Structures 184 4.5.3 Analysis of Influence on the Adjacent Buildings Due to Tunnel Construction 190 4.5.3.1 Analysis of Influence on the Pujiang Hotel 190 4.5.3.2 Analysis of Influence on the Shanghai Mansion 197 4.5.3.3 Analysis of Influence on the Other Buildings Along the Bund 199 4.6 Conclusions 203 4.7 Questions 203 References 206 Further Reading 208 5-Chapter 5 - Project Management 210 5 Project Management 210 5.1 Stakeholders 211 5.1.1 The Client 211 5.1.2 The Designer 212 5.1.3 The Contractor 213 5.2 Contract Management 214 5.2.1 Forms of Contracts 214 5.2.2 Procurement Methods 219 5.2.2.1 Traditional Procurement 219 5.2.2.2 Design and Build Procurement 221 5.2.2.3 Management Procurement 222 5.2.3 Contract Documentation 223 5.2.4 Claim and Dispute Resolution 223 5.2.5 Bonds 224 5.3 Risk Management 224 5.3.1 Static Risk Management Method 224 5.3.2 Multiphase Risk Management Method 228 5.4 Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment Performance 230 5.4.1 Quality 231 5.4.2 Safety 231 5.4.3 Environment 231 5.4.4 Health 232 5.5 Case Study: Shanghai Metro Line No. 4 Recovery Project 232 5.5.1 Project Background 232 5.5.2 Risk Analysis of Remedial Solutions 233 5.6 Questions 240 References 242 6-Chapter 6 - Operation Systems in Underground Engineering 243 6 Operation Systems in Underground Engineering 243 6.1 Operational Ventilation Methods 244 6.2 Power Supply 245 6.3 Lighting System and Brightness 245 6.4 Water Supply 246 6.5 Surveillance and Control Systems 247 6.5.1 Environmental Health Standards for Tunnel Operation 247 6.5.2 Control Systems 247 6.6 Safety and Disaster Control 248 6.6.1 Fire 248 6.6.1.1 Fire Risk 248 6.6.1.2 Fire Mitigation 252 6.6.2 Inundation 254 6.6.2.1 Inundation Risk 254 6.6.2.2 Inundation Mitigation 254 6.6.3 Terrorist Attack and Counterattack Strategies 256 6.6.3.1 Terrorist Attack Risk 256 6.6.3.2 Terrorist Attack Mitigation 257 6.7 Case Study: Operation Stage of Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel 258 6.7.1 Fire Tests 259 6.7.2 Operation Feedback 261 6.8 Questions 261 References 262 7-index 264 Index 264 ! Underground Engineering: Planning, Design, Construction and Operation of the Underground Space provides the author's vast experience as both an academic and practitioner. It covers Planning, Design, Construction and the Operation of Underground Structures. Targeted at young professionals, students and researchers new to the field, the book contains examples, illustrations and cases from diverse underground uses, from roads to disposal facilities. Sections cover the history of the field, upcoming challenges, the planning stage of the subsurface use, including financial planning and reliability forecasting, site investigation, instrumentation and modeling, construction techniques and challenges, and more. Young professionals in this area will benefit from the updated and complete overview of Underground Engineering. Students will find the examples and cases particularly didactic. Richly illustrated, this book is an excellent resource for all involved in the development of the underground space 1. History of Subsurface Development 2. Planning the Use of the Subsurface 3. Design of Underground Structures4. Underground Constructions 5. Project Management in Underground Engineering 6. Operation System in Underground Engineering 7. Disasters and Protection in Underground Engineering 8. Acknowledgements