Uncivil War : Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction

No other Reconstruction state government was as chaotic or violent as Louisiana's, located in New Orleans, the largest southern city at the time. James K. Hogue explains the unique confluence of demographics, geography, and wartime events that made New Orleans an epicenter in the upheaval of Reconstruction politics and a critical battleground in the struggle for the future of southern society. Hogue characterizes Reconstruction as a continuation of civil war, waged between well-organized and well-armed forces vying to control internal governments. He details five key New Orleans street battles, in which elite Confederate veterans played central roles, and gives an in-depth account of how the Republican state government raised militias and a state police force to defend against the violence. In response, a white supremacist movement arose in the mid-1870s and finally overthrew the Republicans. The occupation of Louisiana by federal troops from 1862 to 1877 was the longest of its kind in American history. Not coincidentally, Hogue argues, one of the longest unbroken periods of one-race, one-party dominance in American history followed, lasting until 1972.Uncivil War reveals that the long-term military impact of the South's occupation included twenty-five years of crippled War Department budgets inflicted by southern congressmen who feared another Reconstruction. Within Louisiana, the biracial Republican militias were dismantled, leaving blacks largely unarmed against future atrocities; at the same time, the nucleus of the state's White Leagues became the Louisiana National Guard, which defended the Redeemer government's repressive labor policies. White supremacist victory cast its shadow over American race relations for almost a century. Moving between national, state, and local realms, Uncivil War demystifies the interplay of force and politics during a complex period of American history.

No other Reconstruction state government was as chaotic or violent as Louisiana's, located in New Orleans, the largest southern city at the time. James K. Hogue explains the unique confluence of demographics, geography, and wartime events that made New Orleans an epicenter in the upheaval of Reconstruction politics and a critical battleground in the struggle for the future of southern society. No other Reconstruction state government was as chaotic or violent as Louisiana's, located in New Orleans, the largest southern city at the time. James K. Hogue explains the unique confluence of demographics, geography, and wartime events that made New Orleans an epicenter in the upheaval of Reconstruction politics and a critical battleground in the struggle for the future of southern society.
Hogue characterizes Reconstruction in Louisiana as a continuation of civil war, waged between well-organized and well-armed forces vying to control the state's government. He details five key New Orleans street battles, in which elite Confederate veterans played central roles, and gives an in-depth account of how the Republican state government raised militias and a state police force to defend against the violence. In response, a white supremacist movement arose in the mid-1870s and finally overthrew the Republicans. The occupation of Louisiana by federal troops from 1862 to 1877 was the longest of its kind in American history. Not coincidentally, Hogue argues, one of the longest unbroken periods of one-race, one-party dominance in American history followed, lasting until 1972.
Uncivil War reveals that the long-term military impact of the South's occupation included twenty-five years of crippled War Department budgets inflicted by southern congressmen who feared another Reconstruction. Within Louisiana, the biracial Republican militias were dismantled, leaving blacks largely unarmed against future atrocities; at the same time, the nucleus of the state's White Leagues became the Louisiana National Guard, which defended the "Redeemer" government's repressive labor policies. White supremacist victory cast its shadow over American race relations for almost a century.
Moving between national, state, and local realms, Uncivil War demystifies the interplay of force and politics during a complex period of American history.

Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Introduction: The Problem of War and Politics in Reconstruction......Page 18 1. The Politics of Louisiana Civil War Veterans in 1865......Page 31 2. The Street Battle of 1866: A Massacre of Union Veterans......Page 48 3. The Street Battle of 1872: Carpetbaggers under Siege......Page 70 4. The Street Battle of 1873: The Battle of the Cabildo and the Spread of Paramilitary Insurrection......Page 108 5. The Street Battle of 1874: The White Leagues Seize Power......Page 133 6. The Statehouse Incident of 1875: The U.S. Army Returns to New Orleans......Page 161 7. The Street Battle of 1877: A Perfect Coup d’Etat......Page 177 Conclusion: The Military Legacies of Reconstruction......Page 197 Appendix 1. The Louisiana State Militia, 1871 and 1874......Page 212 Appendix 2. The White Leagues, 1874......Page 215 Appendix 3. General Officers Commanding in Reconstruction Louisiana......Page 222 Bibliography......Page 224 B......Page 236 C......Page 237 G......Page 238 L......Page 239 M......Page 240 P......Page 241 S......Page 242 W......Page 243 Z......Page 244 Annotation. The violent power struggle in the Louisiana state government between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the demise of Reconstruction in 1877 sets the stage for James K. Hogue's Uncivil War. The Union's victory left vague both the reintegration of ex-Confederate states and the status of freed slaves in postwar societysparking internal violence and resulting in Federal military intervention. According to Hogue, by a unique confluence of demographics, geography, and wartime events, New Orleans became a political epicenter and a critical battleground. Setting himself apart from other historians, Hogue contends that Reconstruction-era violence in the postwar South, particularly in Louisiana, evolved into a new civil war rather than intermittent massacres or race riots. In reality, clashing forces were increasingly well-organized, well-armed, and focused on winning or defending control over internal governmentsfitting, as Hogue points out, the classic definition of civil war