Ultra-Low-Power and Ultra-Low-Cost Short-Range Wireless Receivers in Nanoscale CMOS (Analog Circuits and Signal Processing)

"This book provides readers with a state-of-the-art description of techniques to be used for ultra-low-power (ULP) and ultra-low-cost (ULC), short-range wireless receivers. Readers will learn what is required to deploy these receivers in short-range wireless sensor networks, which are proliferating widely to serve the internet of things (IoT) for 'smart cities.' The authors address key challenges involved with the technology and the typical tradeoffs between ULP and ULC. Three design examples with advanced circuit techniques are described in order to address these trade-offs, which special focus on cost minimization. These three techniques enable respectively, cascading of radio frequency (RF) and baseband (BB) circuits under an ultra-low-voltage (ULV) supply, cascading of RF and BB circuits in current domain for current reuse and a novel function-reuse receiver architecture, suitable for ULV and multi-band ULP applications such as the sub-GHz ZigBee"--Provided by publisher Preface 7 Contents 8 Abbreviations 11 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Short-Range Wireless Communications 13 1.1.1 The IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.6 and Bluetooth Low Energy ULP Standards 14 1.2 Design Considerations for ULP and ULC Short-Range Wireless RXs 17 1.2.1 Power Supply (VDD) 17 1.2.2 Carrier Frequency 18 1.2.3 NB Versus UWB 19 1.3 Main Targets 19 1.4 Organization 20 References 21 2 Design and Implementation of Ultra-Low-Power ZigBee/WPAN Receiver 24 2.1 Proposed ``Split-LNTA + 50 % LO'' Receiver 25 2.2 Comparison of ``Split-LNTA + 50 % LO'' and ``Single-LNTA + 25 % LO'' Architectures 26 2.2.1 Gain 27 2.2.2 NF 29 2.2.3 IIP3 30 2.2.4 Current- and Voltage-Mode Operations 31 2.3 Circuit Techniques 32 2.3.1 Impedance Up Conversion Matching 32 2.3.2 Mixer-TIA Interface Biased for Impedance Transfer Filtering 33 2.3.3 RC-CR Network and VCO Co-Design 35 2.4 Experimental Results 37 2.5 Conclusions 42 References 42 3 A 2.4-GHz ZigBee Receiver Exploiting an RF-to-BB-Current-Reuse Blixer + Hybrid Filter Topology in 65-nm CMOS 44 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Proposed Current-Reuse Receiver Architecture 46 3.3 Circuit Implementation 48 3.3.1 Wideband Input-Matching Network 48 3.3.2 Balun-LNA with Active Gain Boost and Partial Noise Canceling 48 3.3.3 Double-Balanced Mixers Offering Output Balancing 50 3.3.4 Hybrid Filter 1st Half---Current-Mode Biquad with IF Noise-Shaping 51 3.3.5 Hybrid Filter 2nd Half---Complex-Pole Load 53 3.3.6 Current-Mirror VGA and RC-CR PPF 53 3.3.7 VCO, Dividers and LO Buffers 56 3.4 Experimental Results 58 3.5 Conclusions 63 Appendix A: S11 2264 10 dB Bandwidth Versus the Q Factor (Qn) of the Input-Matching Network (Fig. 3.4a) 63 Appendix B: NF of the Balun-LNA Versus the Gain (Gm,CS) of the CS Branch with AGB (Fig. 3.4a) 64 References 65 4 Analysis and Modeling of a Gain-Boosted N-Path Switched-Capacitor Bandpass Filter 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 GB-BPF Using an Ideal RLC Model 68 4.2.1 RF Filtering at Vi and Vo 69 4.2.2 --3-dB Bandwidth at Vi and Vo 71 4.2.3 Derivation of the Rp-Lp-Cp Model Using the LPTV Analysis 73 4.3 Harmonic Selectivity, Harmonic Folding and Noise 77 4.3.1 Harmonic Selectivity and Harmonic Folding 77 4.3.2 Noise 79 4.3.3 Intuitive Equivalent Circuit Model 83 4.4 Design Example 85 4.5 Conclusions 86 Appendix A: The Derivation of Eq. (4.18) 87 Appendix B: The Derivation of Lp and Cp 88 References 89 5 A Sub-GHz Multi-ISM-Band ZigBee Receiver Using Function-Reuse and Gain-Boosted N-Path Techniques for IoT Applications 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 ULP Techniques: Current Reuse, ULV and Proposed Function Reuse + Gain-Boosted N-Path SC Network 93 5.3 Gain-Boosted N-Path SC Networks 93 5.3.1 N-Path Tunable Receiver 93 5.3.2 AC-Coupled N-Path Tunable Receiver 99 5.3.3 Function-Reuse Receiver Embedding a Gain-Boosted N-Path SC Network 101 5.4 Low-Voltage Current-Reuse VCO-Filter 104 5.5 Experimental Results 105 5.6 Conclusions 109 Appendix A: Output-Noise PSD at BB for the N-Path Tunable Receiver 109 Appendix B: Derivation and Modeling of BB Gain and Output Noise for the Function-Reuse Receiver 110 References 112 6 Conclusion 114 6.1 General Conclusions 114 6.2 Suggestions for Future Work 116 Index 118 This book provides readers with a description of state-of-the-art techniques to be used for ultra-low-power (ULP) and ultra-low-cost (ULC), short-range wireless receivers. Readers will learn what is required to deploy these receivers in short-range wireless sensor networks, which are proliferating widely to serve the internet of things (IoT) for "smart cities." The authors address key challenges involved with the technology and the typical tradeoffs between ULP and ULC. Three design examples with advanced circuit techniques are described in order to address these trade-offs, which specially focus on cost minimization. These three techniques enable respectively, cascading of radio frequency (RF) and baseband (BB) circuits under an ultra-low-voltage (ULV) supply, cascoding of RF and BB circuits in current domain for current reuse, and a novel function-reuse receiver architecture, suitable for ULV and multi-band ULP applications such as the sub-GHz ZigBee. · Summarizes the state-of-the-art in ultra-low-power (ULP) wireless receivers; · Includes novel, ultra-low-power and ultra-low-cost (ULC), analog and RF circuit techniques--from concepts to practice; · Describes and demonstrates the first RF-to-baseband current-reuse 2.4GHz receiver and the first gain-boosted function-reuse sub-GHz receiver, with ULP and ULC in 65nm CMOS. Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Introduction....Pages 1-11 Design and Implementation of Ultra-Low-Power ZigBee/WPAN Receiver....Pages 13-32 A 2.4-GHz ZigBee Receiver Exploiting an RF-to-BB-Current-Reuse Blixer + Hybrid Filter Topology in 65-nm CMOS....Pages 33-55 Analysis and Modeling of a Gain-Boosted N-Path Switched-Capacitor Bandpass Filter....Pages 57-80 A Sub-GHz Multi-ISM-Band ZigBee Receiver Using Function-Reuse and Gain-Boosted N-Path Techniques for IoT Applications....Pages 81-103 Conclusion....Pages 105-108 Back Matter....Pages 109-110