U.S. Department of Energy. Fundamentals Handbook. Electrical Science Volume 2

The Electrical Science Fundamentals Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of electrical theory, terminology, and application- The handbook includes information on alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) theory, circuits, motors, and generators; AC power and reactive components; batteries; AC and DC voltage regulators; transformers; and electrical test instruments and measuring devices. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOE nuclear facility electrical equipment. ABSTRACT 3 FOREWORD 5 OVERVIEW 7 Module 3 DC Circuits 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 15 LIST OF FIGURES 16 LIST OF TABLES 17 REFERENCES 18 OBJECTIVES 19 INDUCTANCE 21 Inductors 21 Summary 28 CAPACITANCE 29 Capacitor 29 Capacitance 31 Types of Capacitors 32 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 33 Capacitive Time Constant 36 Summary 38 Module 4 Batteries 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS 41 LIST OF FIGURES 43 LIST OF TABLES 44 REFERENCES 45 OBJECTIVES 46 BATTERY TERMINOLOGY 49 Voltaic Cell 49 Battery 49 Electrode 49 Electrolyte 49 Specific Gravity 49 Ampere-Hour 50 Summary 51 BATTERY THEORY 52 Batteries 52 Discharge and Charging of Lead-Acid Battery 54 Summary 57 BATTERY OPERATIONS 58 Series Cells 58 Parallel Cells 59 Primary Cell 59 Secondary Cells 59 Capacity 59 Internal Resistance 60 Shelf Life 61 Charge and Discharge 61 Summary 61 TYPES OF BATTERIES 62 Wet and Dry Cells 62 Carbon-Zinc Cell 62 Alkaline Cell 62 Nickel-Cadmium Cell 63 Edison Cell 63 Mercury Cell 63 Summary 64 BATTERY HAZARDS 65 Shorted Cell 65 Gas Generation 65 Battery Temperature 66 Summary 67 Module 5 DC Generators 69 TABLE OF CONTENTS 71 LIST OF FIGURES 73 LIST OF TABLES 74 REFERENCES 75 OBJECTIVES 76 DC EQUIPMENT TERMINOLOGY 79 Terminal Voltage 79 Counter-Electromotive Force (CEMF) 79 Applied Voltage 79 Commutation 79 Summary 80 DC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION 81 Armature 81 Rotor 81 Stator 82 Field 82 Summary 82 DC GENERATOR THEORY 83 Voltage Production 83 Theory of Operation 83 Commutator Action 85 Field Excitation 87 Terminal Voltage 87 DC Generator Ratings 88 Internal Losses 88 Copper Losses 88 Eddy-Current Losses 88 Hysteresis Losses 89 Mechanical Losses 89 Summary 90 DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION 91 Shunt-Wound DC Generators 91 Series-WoundDC Generators 93 Compound Generators 94 Summary 96 Module 6 DC Motors 97 TABLE OF CONTENTS 99 LIST OF FIGURES 100 LIST OF TABLES 101 REFERENCES 102 OBJECTIVES 103 DC MOTOR THEORY 105 Inducing a Force on a Conductor 105 Theory of Operation 106 Torque 108 Generator Action in a Motor 109 DC Motor Speed 110 Summary 111 TYPES OF DC MOTORS 112 DC Motor Connections 112 Shunt-Wound MotorOperation 113 Shunt-Wound Motor Applications 113 Series-Wound Motor 114 Series-Wound Motor Applications 114 Compounded Motor 114 Summary 115 DC MOTOR OPERATION 116 Starting of DC Motors 116 DC Motor Ratings 117 Summary 118 Training,Material;,Magnetism;,DC,Theory;,DC,Circuits;,Batteries DOE-HDBK-1011/2-92; DOE Fundamentals Handbook Electrical Science Volume 2 of 4 ABSTRACT......Page 3 FOREWORD......Page 5 OVERVIEW......Page 7 Module 3 DC Circuits......Page 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 15 LIST OF FIGURES......Page 16 LIST OF TABLES......Page 17 REFERENCES......Page 18 OBJECTIVES......Page 19 Inductors......Page 21 Summary......Page 28 Capacitor......Page 29 Capacitance......Page 31 Types of Capacitors......Page 32 Capacitors in Series and Parallel......Page 33 Capacitive Time Constant......Page 36 Summary......Page 38 Module 4 Batteries......Page 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 41 LIST OF FIGURES......Page 43 LIST OF TABLES......Page 44 REFERENCES......Page 45 OBJECTIVES......Page 46 Specific Gravity......Page 49 Ampere-Hour......Page 50 Summary......Page 51 Batteries......Page 52 Discharge and Charging of Lead-Acid Battery......Page 54 Summary......Page 57 Series Cells......Page 58 Capacity......Page 59 Internal Resistance......Page 60 Summary......Page 61 Alkaline Cell......Page 62 Mercury Cell......Page 63 Summary......Page 64 Gas Generation......Page 65 Battery Temperature......Page 66 Summary......Page 67 Module 5 DC Generators......Page 69 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 71 LIST OF FIGURES......Page 73 LIST OF TABLES......Page 74 REFERENCES......Page 75 OBJECTIVES......Page 76 Commutation......Page 79 Summary......Page 80 Rotor......Page 81 Summary......Page 82 Theory of Operation......Page 83 Commutator Action......Page 85 Terminal Voltage......Page 87 Eddy-Current Losses......Page 88 Mechanical Losses......Page 89 Summary......Page 90 Shunt-Wound DC Generators......Page 91 Series-WoundDC Generators......Page 93 Compound Generators......Page 94 Summary......Page 96 Module 6 DC Motors......Page 97 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 99 LIST OF FIGURES......Page 100 LIST OF TABLES......Page 101 REFERENCES......Page 102 OBJECTIVES......Page 103 Inducing a Force on a Conductor......Page 105 Theory of Operation......Page 106 Torque......Page 108 Generator Action in a Motor......Page 109 DC Motor Speed......Page 110 Summary......Page 111 DC Motor Connections......Page 112 Shunt-Wound Motor Applications......Page 113 Compounded Motor......Page 114 Summary......Page 115 Starting of DC Motors......Page 116 DC Motor Ratings......Page 117 Summary......Page 118