Two Sciences of Mind: Readings in Cognitive Science and Consciousness (Advances in Consciousness Research, V. 9)

This work examines how cognitive science approaches consciousness. It suggests that there is a need for two sciences in this area, arguing that through the creation of a science of consciousness encompassing subjectivity, cognitive science can become an experimental epistemology. Editorial page ......Page 3 Title page ......Page 4 Copyright page ......Page 5 Table of contents ......Page 6 About the Editors......Page 9 List of Contributors......Page 10 2. Workshop Issues......Page 14 3. Acknowledgments......Page 16 Cognition and Mind......Page 18 1. Preliminaries......Page 22 2. Origins of the Crisis......Page 23 3. The Evidential and Explanational Schisms......Page 26 References......Page 32 1. Background......Page 34 2. Biomolecular Foundations of Mind/Brain......Page 37 3. Implications for Cognition......Page 40 4. The "Mind Gene"......Page 42 5. Conclusion......Page 45 Notes......Page 46 References......Page 48 1. Cognitive Science in Crisis......Page 50 2. Foundational Considerations......Page 55 3. Cognitive Science is Dead: Long Live Cognitive Science!......Page 60 References......Page 61 1. Introduction......Page 64 2. Anthropomorphic Excursions......Page 65 3. Myths and Metaphors......Page 68 4. Consciousness and Metaphors......Page 70 5. Conclusions......Page 72 References......Page 74 1. Introduction......Page 76 2. Church's Thesis......Page 77 3. Church's Thesis and Scientific Theories......Page 78 4. Objections to the Argument......Page 79 5. Continuity, Concurrency, and Non-determinism......Page 80 6. Does the Computational Metaphor Imply More Than Turing Equivalence?......Page 81 7. Proposed Limitations to the Computational Metaphor......Page 85 References......Page 88 1. Introduction......Page 90 2. Psychologism......Page 92 3. Reverse Psychologism......Page 103 4. Envoi: Illuminating the Chinese Room......Page 119 Notes......Page 122 References......Page 124 Is Cognition an Autonomous Subsystem?......Page 128 1. Encoding Models of Representation......Page 129 2. Interactivism......Page 133 3. Representing Objects......Page 135 4. Pragmatics and Representation......Page 136 5. Representation, Action, and Motivation......Page 139 6. Conclusions......Page 140 References......Page 141 Part II: Epistemology and Methodology......Page 146 1. Introduction......Page 148 2. Philosophical Background: The Debate over Perceptual Analysis......Page 151 3. Developing Sensorimotor Expectations: A Foundation for Perceptual Categories......Page 160 4. Adaptively Grounding a Symbol System from the Bottom Up......Page 172 5. Conclusion......Page 184 Acknowledgments......Page 185 Notes......Page 186 References......Page 188 1. Introduction......Page 192 2. Integrated Lexicons......Page 194 3. Word Problems......Page 196 5. Intentions......Page 201 6. Conclusion......Page 203 References......Page 204 The Role of the Systematicity Argument in Classicism and Connectionism......Page 210 1. The Structure of the Systematicity Argument......Page 211 2. Responses to the Systematicity Argument......Page 216 3. Why Classicism fails to explain Systematicity......Page 223 4. The Role of Systematicity in the Classicism/Connectionism Debate......Page 226 Notes......Page 228 References......Page 229 2. Causation......Page 232 3. Levels......Page 233 5. Connectionism and Functionalism......Page 239 6. Networks and Causal Powers......Page 241 7. An Objection......Page 242 References......Page 243 1. Introduction......Page 246 2. Precognitive Emotions and Emotional Congruence in Perception......Page 250 3. The Neuropsychology of Cognitive and Embodied Emotions......Page 254 4. Conclusion......Page 260 Notes......Page 265 References......Page 267 1. Introduction......Page 270 2. The Bodily Basis......Page 271 3. Social Intelligence......Page 275 4. Remembering......Page 277 5. Rehearsal......Page 280 6. A Different View on Cognition......Page 282 7. External Symbols and Communication......Page 285 8. Empathy......Page 287 9. The Study of Physical Artifacts: Social Robots......Page 288 10. Conclusions and Outlook......Page 290 References......Page 292 1. What is Consciousness?......Page 296 2. Introductory Remarks on the Papers Addressing this Theme......Page 304 References......Page 309 1. The Problems Facing Cognitive Science......Page 312 2. The Manifest and Scientific Images of the Person......Page 314 3. The Nature of the Manifest Image......Page 315 4. Bridging the Gap: Dennett and Fodor......Page 320 References......Page 322 1. Introduction......Page 324 2. Some Metaphors of Mind......Page 327 3. Relevance to Consciousness: Part A......Page 341 4. Relevance to Consciousness, B: Metaphorical Self-Description......Page 343 5. The Phenomenal Quality of Consciousness......Page 345 Notes......Page 347 References......Page 350 1. Theories of Consciousness Revisited......Page 354 2. Outline for an Adequate Theory of Consciousness and Selfhood......Page 357 3. What is at Stake?......Page 360 4. Consciousness and Selfhood as Treated in Non-analytic Philosophy......Page 362 References......Page 364 1. Introduction......Page 366 2. Subjective States can be the Products of Stationary Brain States......Page 367 3. No Algorithm can run during Stationary States......Page 371 References......Page 372 1. Relations between Natural Language and Consciousness......Page 374 2. The "Sketchboard" (a Memory for Subliminal Processes)......Page 382 3. Controlled Processes (the Old Caramel)......Page 388 4. A Bridge between the Sketchboard and the Controlled Processes: The Role of Consciousness......Page 393 5. Evaluation of the Model......Page 398 6. Conclusion......Page 401 Notes......Page 402 References......Page 403 A Neurocognitive Model for Consciousness and Attention......Page 406 1. Unity from Diversity: The Global Allocation of Processing Resources......Page 410 2. Topographic Maps, Gating Arrays and Global Attention......Page 415 3. The Central Role of the Thalamus in Attention......Page 418 4. Parallels and Applications......Page 421 References......Page 427 1. Introduction......Page 432 2. The Relational Mind......Page 434 3. The Global Gate......Page 437 4. The 'Conscious I' Gating Model......Page 441 5. Winning Global Control......Page 444 6. Return to Consciousness......Page 448 7. Building Relations......Page 454 8. What is it like to Be......Page 458 9. Discussion......Page 464 Acknowledgments......Page 466 References......Page 467 1. Introduction......Page 472 2. Consciousness......Page 477 3. Dialectical Psychology......Page 481 Notes......Page 491 References......Page 492 Subject index......Page 498 Name index......Page 507 The Reaching For Mind Workshop, Held At Aisb '95 (sheffield, U.k.), Explicitly Addressed Itself To The Current Crisis In Cognitive Science. In Particular, The Issue Of How This Discipline Can Address Consciousness Was A Leitmotiv In The Workshop. The Conclusion Seems Inescapable That There Is A Need For Two Sciences In This Area. Cognitive Science Can Be Freed To Become A Fully-edged Experimental Epistemology By The Creation Of A Science Of Consciousness Encompassing Also Subjectivity. This Exciting Collection Of Papers Indicates Where Both These Sciences May Be Heading. Introduction / Sean O'nuallain -- Cognition And Mind / Sean O'nuallain -- Reinventing The Square Wheel: The Nature Of The Crisis In Cognitive Science / Phil Kime -- Biomolecular Cognitive Science / Ajit Narayanan -- The Search For Mind: A New Foundation For Cognitive Science / Sean O'nuallain -- The Lion, The Bat, And The Wardrobe: Myths And Metaphors In Cognitive Science / Stuart Watt -- Crisis? What Crisis? Church's Thesis And The Scope Of Cognitive Science / P. D. Scott -- What's Psychological And What's Not? The Act/content Confusion In Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence And Linguistic Theory / Terry Dartnall -- Is Cognition An Autonomous Subsystem? / Mark H. Bickhard -- Introduction / Sean O'nuallain Edited By Seán Ó Nualláin, Paul Mc Kevitt, Eoghan Mac Aogáin. Papers Originally Presented At A Workshop On Reaching For Mind. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. 'The Reaching for Mind workshop, held at AISB'95, explicitly addressed itself to the current crisis in Cognitive Science. In particular, the issue of how this discipline can address consciousness was a leitmotiv in the workshop. The conclusion seems inescapable that there is a need for two sciences in this area. Cognitive Science can be freed to become a fully-fledged experimental epistemology by the creation of a science of consciousness also encompassing subjectivity. This exciting collection of papers indicates where both these sciences may be heading. (Series B)The programme committee of the workshop included: Mike Brady (Oxford); Daniel Dennett (Tufts); Jerry Feldman (Berkeley); John Macnamara (McGill) and Zenon Pylyshyn (Rutgers).' The Reaching for Mind workshop, held at AISB 95, explicitly addressed itself to the current crisis in Cognitive Science. In particular, the issue of how this discipline can address consciousness was a leitmotiv in the workshop. The conclusion seems inescapable that there is a need for two sciences in this area. Cognitive Science can be freed to become a fully-fledged experimental epistemology by the creation of a science of consciousness also encompassing subjectivity. This exciting collection of papers indicates where both these sciences may be heading. (Series B) The programme committee of the workshop Mike Brady (Oxford); Daniel Dennett (Tufts); Jerry Feldman (Berkeley); John Macnamara (McGill) and Zenon Pylyshyn (Rutgers).