دو قبرستان در تختی‌ذیری (گرجستان): دورهٔ هخامنشیان پایانی–هلنیستی اولیه و هلنیستی پایانی–رومی اولیه

Two Cemeteries at Takhtidziri (Georgia): Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic and Late Hellenistic-Early Roman publishes excavations at two cemeteries located near to the village of Takhtidziri in Shida Kartli, the central region of Georgia. The first features Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic graves belonging to the representatives of the ruling family of a minor territorial-administrative unit, part of the only state that the Persians (Achaemenids) encountered in the Caucasus and which was referred to as Kolkhida by the Greeks. The other cemetery dates to the 1st century BC-1st century AD and was used by non-elite members of the community. The grave goods recovered through excavation are diverse and point to the fact that the kingdom of Kartli (Caucasian Iberia) was involved in international trade and economic relations in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman period. Two Cemeteries at Takhtidziri (Georgia): Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic and Late Hellenistic-Early Roman publishes excavations at two cemeteries located near to the village of Takhtidziri in Shida Kartli, the central region of Georgia. The first features Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic graves belonging to the representatives of the ruling family of a minor territorial-administrative unit, part of the only state that the Persians (Achaemenids) encountered in the Caucasus and which was referred to as Kolkhida by the Greeks. The other cemetery dates to the 1st-century BC-1st century AD and was used by non-elite members of the community. The grave goods recovered through excavation are diverse and point to the fact that the kingdom of Kartli (Caucasian Iberia) was involved in international trade and economic relations in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Contents 3 How this book was written 7 Introduction 9 Iulon Gagoshidze 9 1. The History of Archaeological Excavations of Takhtidziri Cemeteries 15 Iulon Gagoshidze 15 2. The Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic Period Cemetery 18 2.1 Introduction (Iulon Gagoshidze) 18 2.2 The Structure of Graves and Burial Practice (Iulon Gagoshidze) 22 The Structure of the Graves 22 Coffins 32 Insignia and Retainers 34 Horse and Dog 34 Offering 34 Charon’s Obol (D. Kacharava) 34 Gold Plates as Charon’s Obols 36 Ingots 37 Casket (N. Gogiberidze) 37 2.3 Grave Goods (Iulon Gagoshidze) 37 Pottery 37 Local Pottery (T. Chanishvili) 38 Imported Ceramics 55 Graffiti (M. Nasidze) 61 Glassware 61 Metalware 63 Cymbals 67 Standard 69 Household Equipment and Weapons 71 Horse’s Harness 80 Toiletries 89 Glyptic Artifacts 92 Imported Gems (K. Javakhishvili) 97 Jewellery (N. Gogiberidze) 98 Bells (T. Chanishvili) 116 Objects Connected with Apotropaic Magic 118 ‘Calendar’ 119 Coins (M. Sherozia) 122 2.4 Conclusion (Iulon Gagoshidze) 123 2.5 Catalogue (Iulon Gagoshidze, Nana Gogiberidze) 126 Grave no. 1 126 Grave no. 2 127 Grave no. 3 129 Grave no. 4 136 Grave no. 5 138 Grave no. 6 145 Grave no. 7 149 Grave no. 8 (and no. 13) 152 Group no. 1: material found in the south-west part of the burial (grave no. 13) 155 Group no. 2: artefacts found near the horse’s skeleton 160 Group no. 3: artefacts found near the skull of the child (no. 2) 161 Group no. 4: inventory of the principal deceased no. 1 165 Group no. 5: south of skeleton no. 3, at the southern edge of the pit 172 Group no. 6: the material found in the eastern part of the burial pit, east of skeleton no. 1, within the area described by coffin nails 173 Grave no. 9 187 Grave no. 11 189 Grave no. 12 190 Grave no. 14 193 Grave no. 15 198 Grave no. 16 200 Grave no. 17 205 Grave no. 18 208 Grave no. 19 211 Grave no. 20 214 Grave no. 36 (32) 219 Grave no. 37 223 Grave no. 38 227 Grave no. 39 229 Grave no. 40 232 Grave no. 41 234 Artefacts from the cultural layer 238 Artefacts kept in Kareli Museum of Local Lore from Late Achaemenid - Early Hellenistic burials 243 3. The Late Hellenistic – Early Roman period Cemetery 247 David Gagoshidze 247 3.1 Introduction 247 3.2 The Structure of Graves and Burial Practice 248 3.3 Conclusion 255 3.4 Description of Burials and Grave Goods 256 Grave no. 21 256 Grave no. 22 260 Grave no. 23 262 Grave no. 24 264 Grave no. 25 264 Grave no. 26 266 Grave no. 27 267 Grave no. 28 271 Grave no. 29 273 Grave no. 30 273 Grave no. 31 276 4. Technical Investigation of Metal Artifacts Discovered at Takhtidziri 289 Nino Kalandadze, Nino Kebuladze 289 4.1 Research Methodology 289 4.2 Outcomes of Research 289 Group I 289 Group II 290 Group III 290 Group IV 290 Group V 290 Group VI 291 4.3 Conclusion 292 References 293 Achaemenid Empire,Hellenism,Greek Imports,Colchis,Caucasian Iberia. Two Cemeteries at Takhtidziri (Georgia): Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic and Late Hellenistic-Early Roman publishes excavations at two cemeteries located near to the village of Takhtidziri in Shida Kartli, the central region of Georgia. The first features Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic graves belonging to the representatives of the ruling family of a minor territorial-administrative unit, part of the only state that the Persians (Achaemenids) encountered in the Caucasus and which was referred to as Kolkhida by the Greeks.0The other cemetery dates to the 1st century BC-1st century AD and was used by non-elite members of the community. The grave goods recovered through excavation are diverse and point to the fact that the kingdom of Kartli (Caucasian Iberia) was involved in international trade and economic relations in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman period This book publishes excavations at two cemeteries located near to the village of Takhtidziri in Shida Kartli, the central region of Georgia. The grave goods recovered are diverse and suggest that the kingdom of Kartli (Caucasian Iberia) was involved in international trade and economic relations in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman period. This work publishes excavations at two cemeteries located near to the village of Takhtidziri in Shida Kartli, the central region of Georgia. The grave goods recovered are diverse and suggest that the kingdom of Kartli (Caucasian Iberia) was involved in international trade and economic relations in the late Hellenistic and Early Roman period