Twilight of Embers (Dragons of Ember Hollow Book 1)

New authors bring a winning combination of cutting-edge research and real-world impact W. W. Norton is excited to announce that award-winning authors Elizabeth Phelps and Elliot Berkman will bring their ideas and energy to Psychological Science 7e. Our authors are committed to encouraging students to learn and evaluate psychology through the lens of methods, replication, and the open science era. Looking beyond the text, Liz and Elliot applied their experience with the introductory psychology course to all aspects of the teaching and learning tools, including InQuizitive’s adaptive assessment, new ZAPS 3.0 interactive labs with instructor support, a hands-on approach to visualizing brain science through a new interactive 3D brain, and exciting new interactive neuron animations. They are committed to introducing students to a more modern view of the field—one that shows the real-world impact of psychology and showcases the work of diverse researchers throughout. This purchase offers access to the digital ebook only. Cover Half-title Page Publisherâ€TMs Notice Title Page Copyright Dedication Brief Contents Meet the Authors Preface Acknowledgments Digital Tools for Instructors and Students Contents Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology What Is Psychological Science? / 1.1 Psychological Science Is the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior 1.2 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking 1.3 Psychological Science Helps Us Understand Biased or Inaccurate Thinking 1.4 Why Are People Unaware of Their Weaknesses? What Is the Scientific Scope of Psychology? / 1.5 Many Psychological Questions Have a Long History 1.6 Mental Processes and Behaviors Serve Functions for Individuals and Groups 1.7 The Field of Psychology Spans the Range of Human Experience What Are the Latest Developments in Psychology? / 1.8 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological Phenomena 1.9 Psychology Is a Computational and Data Science 1.10 Culture Provides Adaptive Solutions 1.11 Psychological Science Crosses Levels of Analysis 1.12 Psychological Education Embraces the Science of Learning 1.13 How Will Psychology Benefit You in Your Career? Your Chapter Review Chapter 2: Research Methodology How Is the Scientific Method Used in Psychological Research? / 2.1 Science Has Three Primary Goals 2.2 The Scientific Method Is a Systematic Way to Test Hypotheses 2.3 The Scientific Method Is Cyclical 2.4 Critical Thinking Is Essential to Evaluating Scientific Findings What Types of Studies Are Used in Psychological Research? / 2.5 Descriptive Research Consists of Case Studies, Observation, and Self-Report Methods 2.6 Correlational Studies Describe and Predict How Variables Are Related 2.7 The Experimental Method Controls and Explains 2.8 Participants Need to Be Randomly Assigned to Conditions and Carefully Selected What Are the Ethics Governing Psychological Research? / 2.9 There Are Ethical Issues to Consider in Research with Human Participants 2.10 Have You Participated in Research Without Knowing It? 2.11 There Are Ethical Issues to Consider in Research with Animals How Are Data Analyzed and Evaluated? / 2.12 Good Research Requires Valid, Reliable, and Accurate Data 2.13 Descriptive Statistics Provide a Summary of the Data 2.14 Inferential Statistics Permit Generalizations 2.15 Should You Believe in Extrasensory Perception? Your Chapter Review Chapter 3: Biology and Behavior How Does the Nervous System Operate? / 3.1 Neurons Are the Basic Units of the Nervous System 3.2 Action Potentials Produce Neural Communication 3.3 Neurotransmitters Influence Mental Activity and Behavior What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions? / 3.4 The Ability to Study Brain Function Has Improved Dramatically 3.5 The Cerebral Cortex Underlies Complex Mental Activity 3.6 Splitting the Brain Splits the Mind 3.7 Are There “Left-Brain†and “Right-Brain†Types of People? 3.8 The Insula and Subcortical Structures Contribute to Taste, Emotions, Memory, and Reward 3.9 The Brain Stem and Cerebellum House Basic Programs for Survival and Movement 3.10 Auction Overbidding How Does the Brain Communicate with the Body? / 3.11 The Peripheral Nervous System Includes the Somatic and Autonomic Systems 3.12 The Endocrine System Communicates Through Hormones How Does the Brain Change? / 3.13 The Brain Rewires Itself Throughout Life 3.14 The Brain Can Recover from Injury What Is the Genetic Basis of Psychological Science? / 3.15 All of Human Development Has a Genetic Basis 3.16 Heredity Involves Passing Along Genes Through Reproduction 3.17 Genes Affect Behavior 3.18 Genetic Expression Can Be Modified Your Chapter Review Chapter 4: Consciousness What Is Consciousness? / 4.1 Consciousness Is Limited 4.2 Attention Is the Gateway to Conscious Awareness 4.3 Laptops in the Classroom 4.4 Unconscious Processing Can Influence Behavior 4.5 Automatic Processing Reduces Demands on Consciousness What Is Altered Consciousness? / 4.6 Meditation Produces Relaxation by Guiding Attention 4.7 Does Meditation Change the Structure of the Brain? 4.8 People Can Lose Themselves in Activities 4.9 Hypnosis Is Induced Through Suggestion What Is Sleep? / 4.10 Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness 4.11 People Dream While Sleeping 4.12 Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior 4.13 Sleep Disorders Interfere with Daily Life 4.14 How Can You Get a Good Nightâ€TMs Sleep? How Do Brain Injury and Drugs Affect Consciousness? / 4.15 Brain Injury Can Diminish Consciousness 4.16 Drugs Alter Consciousness by Changing Brain Neurochemistry 4.17 People Use—and Abuse—Many Psychoactive Drugs 4.18 Alcohol Abuse Is Responsible for Many Societal Problems Your Chapter Review Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception How Do We Sense and Perceive the World Around Us? / 5.1 Sensory Information Is Translated into Meaningful Signals 5.2 Detection Requires a Certain Amount of the Stimulus 5.3 The Brain Constructs a Stable Representation of the World from Five Senses How Do We See? / 5.4 Sensory Receptors in the Eye Transmit Visual Information to the Brain 5.5 The Color of Light Is Determined by Its Wavelength 5.6 Perceiving Objects Requires Organization of Visual Information 5.7 Are Faces Special? 5.8 Perception of Depth, Size, and Motion Is Guided by Internal and External Cues How Do We Hear? / 5.9 Audition Results from Changes in Air Pressure 5.10 Pitch Is Encoded by Frequency and Location 5.11 Are Your Listening Habits Damaging Your Hearing? How Do We Taste and Smell? / 5.12 There Are Five Basic Taste Sensations 5.13 Smell Is the Detection of Odorants How Do We Feel Touch and Pain? / 5.14 The Skin Contains Sensory Receptors for Touch 5.15 Pain Receptors Exist Throughout the Body Your Chapter Review Chapter 6: Learning How Do We Learn? / 6.1 Learning Results from Experience 6.2 Nonassociative Learning Involves Habituation and Sensitization How Do We Learn Predictive Associations? / 6.3 Classical Conditioning Is Learning What Goes Together 6.4 Learning Is Acquired and Persists Until Extinction 6.5 Learning Involves Expectancies and Prediction 6.6 Learning Shapes Both Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli How Do Consequences of an Action Shape Behavior? / 6.7 Operant Conditioning Is Learning Actions from Consequences 6.8 Reinforcement Increases Behavior, Punishment Decreases Behavior 6.9 When Is Parental Punishment Effective? 6.10 Learning Shapes Actions and Reinforcers 6.11 Can You Challenge Superstitious Behaviors? 6.12 Operant Conditioning Is Influenced by Value and Timing 6.13 Operant Conditioning Is Influenced by Schedules of Reinforcement What Do Different Types of Associative Learning Have in Common? / 6.14 Learning Is Influenced by Biology and Evolution 6.15 Dopamine Activity Underlies Learning from Rewards 6.16 Phobias and Addictions Have Learned Components How Do We Learn from Others? / 6.17 Social Learning Occurs Through Observation and Instruction 6.18 Fear Can Be Learned Through Social Means 6.19 Social Learning Has Implications for Criminal Justice Your Chapter Review Chapter 7: Memory What Is Memory, and What Are Memory Systems? / 7.1 There Are Many Types of Memories and Memory Systems 7.2 Implicit Memories Are Expressed Through Actions and Reactions 7.3 Explicit Memories Can Be Declared How Are Memories Encoded? / 7.4 Encoding Turns Perception into Memory 7.5 Attention to Meaning Improves Encoding 7.6 Organization Affects Memory Encoding How Are Memories Stored and Maintained? / 7.7 Sensory Memory Is Brief 7.8 Working Memory Is Active 7.9 Long-Term Memory Can Be Permanent 7.10 Long-Term Memory Requires Consolidation 7.11 Slow Consolidation Can Be Beneficial 7.12 Reconsolidation May Follow Retrieval How Are Memories Retrieved? / 7.13 Retrieval Cues Bring Back the Past 7.14 Retrieval Cues Aid Prospective Memory 7.15 Retrieval Can Promote Forgetting 7.16 What Is the Best Way to Ace Exams? What Are Common Memory Mistakes? / 7.17 Forgetting Is an Inability to Remember 7.18 Persistence Is Unwanted Remembering 7.19 People Reconstruct Events to Be Consistent 7.20 People Make Source Misattributions 7.21 Suggestibility Biases Memory 7.22 How Can Psychologists Inform the Use of Memory in the Courtroom? Your Chapter Review Chapter 8: Thinking, Decisions, Intelligence, and Language What Is Thought? / 8.1 Thinking Involves Two Types of Mental Representations 8.2 Concepts Are Symbolic Representations 8.3 Schemas Organize Useful Information About Environments How Do We Make Decisions and Solve Problems? / 8.4 Decision Making Often Involves Heuristics 8.5 Emotions Influence Decision Making 8.6 Big Data, Mood, and Decisions 8.7 Problem Solving Achieves Goals 8.8 How Can You Make Good Choices? How Do We Understand Intelligence? / 8.9 Intelligence Is Measured with Standardized Tests 8.10 General Intelligence Involves Multiple Components 8.11 Intelligence Is Related to Cognitive Performance 8.12 Genes and Environment Influence Intelligence How Is Language Learned and Organized? / 8.13 Language Is a System of Communication Using Sounds and Symbols 8.14 Language Develops in an Orderly Way 8.15 There Is an Inborn Capacity for Language 8.16 There Are Different Approaches to Learning to Read Your Chapter Review Chapter 9: Human Development What Factors Shape Development? / 9.1 Human Development Starts in the Womb and Extends into Adulthood 9.2 Biology and Environment Influence Motor Development 9.3 Infants Are Prepared to Learn 9.4 Does Mozart Make You Smarter? 9.5 Infants Develop Attachments How Do Children Learn About the World? / 9.6 Piaget Emphasized Stages of Cognitive Development 9.7 Piaget Underestimated Childrenâ€TMs Cognitive Abilities 9.8 Children Learn from Interacting with Others 9.9 Moral Development Begins in Childhood 9.10 Is Screen Time Unhealthy for Children? What Changes During Adolescence? / 9.11 Puberty Causes Physical Changes 9.12 A Sense of Identity Forms 9.13 Peers and Caregivers Shape the Adolescent Self What Brings Meaning in Adulthood? / 9.14 Adults Are Affected by Life Transitions 9.15 Will Parenthood Make You Happy? 9.16 Cognition Changes with Age 9.17 The Transition to Old Age Can Be Satisfying Your Chapter Review Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation What Are Emotions? / 10.1 Emotions Vary in Valence and Arousal 10.2 Emotions Have a Physiological Component 10.3 Are Lie Detector Tests Valid? 10.4 There Are Three Major Theories of Emotion 10.5 How Can You Control Your Emotions? How Are Emotions Adaptive? / 10.6 Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion 10.7 Emotions Strengthen Interpersonal Relations What Is Motivation? / 10.8 Drives Motivate the Satisfaction of Needs 10.9 People Are Motivated by Incentives How Does Motivation Give Us Meaning? / 10.10 People Set Goals to Achieve 10.11 People Have a Need to Belong 10.12 People Have a Need for Consistency and Coherence 10.13 Core Values Are Motivating Your Chapter Review Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being What Affects Health? / 11.1 Social Context, Biology, and Behavior Combine to Affect Health 11.2 Inequities in Societies Contribute to Health Disparities Among Social Groups 11.3 Healthy Eating Is an Important Health Behavior 11.4 Smoking Is a Leading Cause of Death 11.5 Physical Activity Is a Particularly Beneficial Health Behavior 11.6 Why Are People Afraid of Flying but Not of Driving (or Smoking)? What Is Stress? / 11.7 Stress Is a Response to Life Events 11.8 Stress Has Physiological Components How Does Stress Affect Health? / 11.9 Stress Disrupts the Immune System 11.10 Stress Increases the Risk of Heart Disease 11.11 Coping Reduces the Negative Health Effects of Stress Can a Positive Attitude Keep People Healthy? / 11.12 Being Positive Has Health Benefits 11.13 Social Support Is Associated with Good Health 11.14 Can Psychology Improve Your Health? Your Chapter Review Chapter 12: Social Psychology How Does Group Membership Affect People? / 12.1 People Favor Their Own Groups 12.2 Groups Influence Individual Behavior 12.3 People Conform with Others 12.4 Can Social Norms Marketing Reduce Binge Drinking? 12.5 People Obey Authority Figures When Do People Harm or Help Others? / 12.6 Many Factors Can Influence Aggression 12.7 Cooperation Can Reduce Outgroup Bias 12.8 Many Factors Can Influence Helping Behavior How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior? / 12.9 People Form Attitudes Through Experience and Socialization 12.10 Discrepancies Lead to Dissonance 12.11 Attitudes and Behaviors Can Be Changed Through Persuasion How Do People Think About Others? / 12.12 People Make Judgments About Others 12.13 Stereotypes Can Lead to Prejudice and Discrimination 12.14 Prejudice and Its Effects Can Be Reduced What Determines the Quality of Relationships? / 12.15 Situational and Personal Factors Influence Interpersonal Attraction and Friendships 12.16 Emotions Play an Important Role in Romantic Relationships 12.17 Findings from Psychological Science Can Benefit Your Relationship Your Chapter Review Chapter 13: Personality Where Does Personality Come From? / 13.1 Genetic Factors Influence the Expression of Personality 13.2 Temperaments Are Evident in Infancy What Are the Theories of Personality? / 13.3 Trait Approaches Describe Behavioral Tendencies 13.4 Traits Have a Biological Basis 13.5 Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Integrated Personal Experience 13.6 Personality Reflects Learning and Cognition 13.7 Personality in the Workplace How Stable Is Personality? / 13.8 People Sometimes Are Inconsistent 13.9 Development and Life Events Alter Personality Traits 13.10 Culture Influences Personality How Is Personality Assessed? / 13.11 Researchers Use Multiple Methods to Assess Personality 13.12 Observers Show Accuracy About Other Peopleâ€TMs Traits How Do We Know Our Own Personalities? / 13.13 Our Self-Concepts Consist of Self-Knowledge 13.14 Perceived Social Regard Influences Self-Esteem 13.15 People Use Mental Strategies to Maintain a Positive Sense of Self 13.16 Are There Cultural Differences in the Self-Serving Bias? Your Chapter Review Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders How Are Psychological Disorders Conceptualized and Classified? / 14.1 Views on Psychopathology Have Changed over Time 14.2 Psychological Disorders Are Classified into Categories 14.3 Psychological Disorders Have Many Causes 14.4 Psychological Disorders Vary as a Function of Cultural Context Which Disorders Involve Disturbances in Emotions? / 14.5 Anxiety Disorders Are Characterized by Fear and Tension 14.6 Depressive Disorders Are Characterized by Sad, Empty, or Irritable Moods 14.7 Bipolar Disorders Involve Depression and Mania 14.8 You Think Your Friend Might Be Suicidal. What Should You Do? Which Disorders Involve Disruptions in Thought? / 14.9 Schizophrenia Involves a Disconnection from Reality 14.10 The Cause of Schizophrenia Involves Biological and Environmental Factors Which Disorders Involve Maladaptive Behavior? / 14.11 Unwanted and Intrusive Thoughts Cause Anxiety, and Compulsions Reduce It 14.12 Thoughts and Feelings About Food and Body Image Are Disrupted in Eating Disorders 14.13 Addiction Has Physical and Psychological Aspects Which Disorders Are Linked to Trauma? / 14.14 Trauma Is a Prolonged Response to an Emotional Event 14.15 Dissociative Disorders Are Disruptions in Memory, Awareness, and Identity 14.16 Borderline Personality Disorder Is Marked by Instability in Self-Image and Relationships What Are Personality Disorders? / 14.17 Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating to the World 14.18 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Associated with a Lack of Empathy Which Psychological Disorders Are Typically Diagnosed in Childhood? / 14.19 Autism Spectrum Disorder Involves Social Deficits and Restricted Interests 14.20 Why Do People Believe Vaccinations Cause Autism? 14.21 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive Impulse Control Disorder Your Chapter Review Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders How Are Psychological Disorders Treated? / 15.1 Various Methods Have Been Used to Treat Psychopathology 15.2 Psychodynamic Therapy Seeks to Reduce Unconscious Conflicts 15.3 Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments Aim to Change Behavior, Emotion, or Thought Directly 15.4 The Context of Therapy Matters 15.5 Medication Is Effective for Certain Disorders 15.6 Alternative Biological Treatments Can Be Effective 15.7 Effectiveness of Treatment Is Determined by Empirical Evidence 15.8 Various Providers Can Assist in Treatment for Psychological Disorders 15.9 How Do You Find a Therapist Who Can Help You? What Are the Most Effective Treatments? / 15.10 Treatments That Focus on Behavior and Cognition Are Superior for Anxiety Disorders 15.11 Both Antidepressants and CBT Are Effective for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 15.12 Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies, Social Support, and Medication Help Treat Addictions 15.13 Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depressive Disorders 15.14 How Effective Are Antidepressants? 15.15 Lithium and Atypical Antipsychotics Are Most Effective for Bipolar Disorder 15.16 Antipsychotics Are Superior for Schizophrenia Can Personality Disorders Be Treated? / 15.17 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is Most Successful for Borderline Personality Disorder 15.18 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Extremely Difficult to Treat How Should Childhood Disorders Be Treated? / 15.19 Children with ADHD Can Benefit from Various Approaches 15.20 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Benefit from Structured Behavioral Treatment Your Chapter Review Answer Key for Practice Exercises Glossary References Permissions Acknowledgments Name Index Subject Index