Twenty Years of Ozone Decline : Proceedings of the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol

This book includes articles presented by leading scientists in the ozone field at the __Symposium for the 20^th^ Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol__, jointly organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Ozone Commission (IO3C), the Academy of Athens and the Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation, held in Athens in September 2007. His Excellency Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, recently stated: __"The success of the Montreal Protocol shows us that there are global instruments that can help curb the impact of human activities on the global environment. We should draw lessons from this experience, and strive to replicate it."__ This book responds by including the history, science and lessons learned by the application of the Montreal Protocol over the past twenty years. Expressed views come from three Nobel laureates, sixty scientists and representatives of international organizations and industry. Many interesting aspects of ongoing ozone research are also presented, including comparisons of what has been achieved versus what would have been the state of ozone, climate and UV in the environment if the Protocol had never been in use. Front Matter....Pages i-xii Welcome Address....Pages 3-4 Statement from the Executive Secretary for the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol....Pages 5-8 Opening Address....Pages 9-11 Science Inspiring Diplomacy: The Improbable Montreal Protocol....Pages 13-19 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion....Pages 23-66 Atmospheric N 2 O Releases from Biofuel Production Systems: A Major Factor Against “CO 2 Emission Savings”: A Global View....Pages 67-70 The History of Total Ozone Measurements; the Early Search for Signs of a Trend and an Update....Pages 73-110 The Long History of Ozone: Analyses of Recent Measurements....Pages 111-117 The Long History of Ozone Measurements: Climatological Information Derived from Long Ozone Records....Pages 119-131 International Multi-Instruments Ground-Based Networks: Recent Developments Within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes....Pages 135-156 International Balloon Measurements for Ozone Research....Pages 157-172 The Role of Airborne Science in the Study of Polar Ozone....Pages 173-182 Role of Satellite Measurements in the Discovery of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion....Pages 183-189 Estimating When the Antarctic Ozone Hole will Recover....Pages 191-200 The European Arctic Ozone Campaigns....Pages 201-212 Operational Monitoring of the Antarctic Ozone Hole: Transition from GOME and SCIAMACHY to GOME-2....Pages 213-236 An Overview of Strategic Ozone Sounding Networks: Insights into Ozone Budgets, UT/LS Processes and Tropical Climate Signatures....Pages 237-249 Global Observations—The Key to Model Development and Improved Assessments....Pages 251-259 The Rise and Fall of Dynamical Theories of the Ozone Hole....Pages 263-272 Investigations of Climate–Ozone Connections with Coupled Climate–Chemistry Models (CCMs): Another Step Forward....Pages 273-277 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Tropospheric Chemistry....Pages 279-290 Tropospheric Ozone Climate–Chemistry Interaction: Aspects of Climate Changes....Pages 291-295 Metrics for Ozone and Climate: Three-Dimensional Modeling Studies of Ozone Depletion Potentials and Indirect Global Warming Potentials....Pages 297-326 Stratosphere—Troposphere Interactions in a Chemistry-Climate Model....Pages 327-347 Winter Ozone Transport Variations and the Montreal Protocol Impact as Revealed by the Total Ozone Ground-Based Measurements over the Russian Territory in 1973–2005....Pages 349-356 Solar UV: Measurements and Trends....Pages 359-368 Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation: Informing the Public....Pages 369-380 A Contemporary Strategy for Sun Exposure....Pages 381-384 Findings from the 2006 Ozone Scientific Assessment for the Montreal Protocol....Pages 387-391 SPARC Science Supporting the Montreal Protocol....Pages 393-403 How Science Guides Industry Choice of Alternatives to Ozone-Depleting Substances....Pages 407-428 The Importance of Chemical Substitutes to Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)....Pages 429-437 Perspectives on the Roles of Science, Scientific Assessments, the Science/Policy Interface and Industry....Pages 439-440 The Role of Financial Assistance by the Multilateral Fund in Technology Change to Protect the Ozone Layer....Pages 441-458 Athens Statement....Pages 461-464 Back Matter....Pages 465-470 Homer speaks of lightning bolts after which ‘a grim reek of sulphur bursts forth’ and the air was ‘?lled with reeking brimstone’. (Homer 3000 BC). The odour was not actually the smell of sulphur dioxide associated with burning sulphur, but rather was the ?rst recorded detection of the presence of another strong odour, that of ozone (O ) in Earth’s atmosphere. These molecules were formed by the passage of 3 lightning through the air, created by splitting the abundant molecular oxygen (O ) 2 molecules into two, followed by the addition of each of the free O atoms to another O to form the triatomic product. In fact, most of the ozone molecules present 2 in the atmosphere at any time have been made by this same two-step splitti- plus-combination process, although the initiating cause usually begins with very energetic solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation rather than lightning. Many thousands of years later, the modern history of ozone began with its synthesis in the laboratory of H. F. Schonbein in 1840 (Nolte 1999), although the positive con?rmation of its three-oxygen atom chemical formula came along sometime later. Scienti?c interest in high-altitude stratospheric ozone dates back to 1881 when Hartley measured the spectrum of ozone in the laboratory and found that its ability to absorb UV light extended only to 293nm at the long wavelength end (Hartley 1881a). This Book Includes Articles Presented By Leading Scientists In The Ozone Field At The Symposium For The 20th Anniversary Of The Montreal Protocol, Jointly Organized By The United Nations Environment Programme (unep), The International Ozone Commission (io3c), The Academy Of Athens And The Mariolopoulos-kanaginis Foundation, Held In Athens In September 2007. His Excellency Ban Ki-moon, The Secretary-general Of The United Nations, Recently Stated: The Success Of The Montreal Protocol Shows Us That There Are Global Instruments That Can Help Curb The Impact Of Human Activities On The Global Environment. We Should Draw Lessons From This Experience, And Strive To Replicate It. This Book Responds By Including The History, Science And Lessons Learned By The Application Of The Montreal Protocol Over The Past Twenty Years. Expressed Views Come From Three Nobel Laureates, Sixty Scientists And Representatives Of International Organizations And Industry. Many Interesting Aspects Of Ongoing Ozone Research Are Also Presented, Including Comparisons Of What Has Been Achieved Versus What Would Have Been The State Of Ozone, Climate And Uv In The Environment If The Protocol Had Never Been In Use. Edited By Christos Zerefos, Georgios Contopoulos, Gregory Skalkeas. This book includes articles presented by leading scientists in the ozone field at the Symposium for the 20 th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol , jointly organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Ozone Commission (IO3C), the Academy of Athens and the Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation, held in Athens in September 2007. His Excellency Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, recently stated: "The success of the Montreal Protocol shows us that there are global instruments that can help curb the impact of human activities on the global environment. We should draw lessons from this experience, and strive to replicate it." This book responds by including the history, science and lessons learned by the application of the Montreal Protocol over the past twenty years. Expressed views come from three Nobel laureates, sixty scientists and representatives of international organizations and industry. Many interesting aspects of ongoing ozone research are also presented, including comparisons of what has been achieved versus what would have been the state of ozone, climate and UV in the environment if the Protocol had never been in use. Includes articles presented by some of the leading scientists in the ozone field at the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, jointly organized by the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Ozone Commission, the Academy of Athens and the Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation, held in Athens in September 2007.