Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Volume 5 : Astrocytomas, Hemangioblastomas, and Gangliogliomas

The most recent developments in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Gliomas (glioblastoma) in the brain are presented. The importance of personalized medicine and clinical validation for targeted therapy are discussed. The identification of various types of biomarkers (determined by molecular genetics) is included, along with their advantages and limitations as markers in tumor detection and diagnosis. The identification and validation of brain cancer (glioblastoma) genes are discussed. The role of cancer stem cells in the initiation and persistence of malignant gliomas is explained; response of glioblastoma cancer stem cells to various growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, is explained. The use of surgical resection, chemotherapy (e.g., temozolomide), immunotherapy, and radiation therapy for glioblastoma patients is included. Biological impediments for chemotherapy and radiotherapy for malignant glioblastoma are pointed out. Standard (established) as well as newer imaging modalities (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are discussed. Also included are proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in intracranial gliomas, and the use of proton magnetic spectroscopic imaging in determining the infiltration zone in gliomas. The role of molecular signaling in the CNS cancer development is explained, including cell death signaling in glioblastoma multiforme. The most recent developments in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Gliomas (glioblastoma) in the brain are presented. The importance of personalized medicine and clinical validation for targeted therapy are discussed. The identification of various types of biomarkers (determined by molecular genetics) is included, along with their advantages and limitations as markers in tumor detection and diagnosis. The identification and validation of brain cancer (glioblastoma) genes are discussed. The role of cancer stem cells in the initiation and persistence of malignant gliomas is explained; response of glioblastoma cancer stem cells to various growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, is explained. The use of surgical resection, chemotherapy (e.g., temozolomide), immunotherapy, and radiation therapy for glioblastoma patients is included. Biological impediments for chemotherapy and radiotherapy for malignant glioblastoma are pointed out. Standard (established) as well as newer imaging modalities (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are discussed. Also included are proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in intracranial gliomas, and the use of proton magnetic spectroscopic imaging in determining the infiltration zone in gliomas. The role of molecular signaling in the CNS cancer development is explained, including cell death signaling in glioblastoma multiforme. Front Matter....Pages i-xxv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Methylation in Malignant Astrocytomas....Pages 3-12 Deciphering the Function of Doppel Protein in Astrocytomas....Pages 13-22 Astrocytic Tumors: Role of Antiapoptotic Proteins....Pages 23-33 Deregulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin/Tcf Signaling Pathway in Astrocytomas....Pages 35-44 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma: Role of mTOR Pathway and Its Inhibitors....Pages 45-55 Role of Progesterone Receptor Isoforms in Human Astrocytomas Growth....Pages 57-63 Astrocytic Tumors: Role of Carbonic Anhydrase IX....Pages 65-71 Development of Cysts in Pilocytic Astrocytomas: Role of Eosinophilic Granular Bodies (Method)....Pages 73-79 Role of Synemin in Astrocytoma Cell Migration....Pages 81-88 Diffuse Astrocytomas: Immunohistochemistry of MGMT Expression....Pages 89-94 Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: An Epidemiology Review....Pages 95-98 RAF Fusion Genes and MAPK Activation in Pilocytic Astrocytomas....Pages 99-105 Biomarker Discovery in Central Nervous System Neoplasms: Past, Present and Future....Pages 107-119 Astrocytomas: Role of Taurine in Apoptosis Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy....Pages 121-128 Imaging of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-Active Regions in Tumors Using a POS and 123 I-IBB Method....Pages 129-134 Diffuse Low-Grade Astrocytomas: P53-Mediated Inhibition of Angiogenesis....Pages 135-142 Spontaneous Regression of Cerebellar Astrocytomas....Pages 143-148 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma: Gene Expression Profiling....Pages 149-157 Front Matter....Pages 159-159 Time-Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLIFS): A Tool for Intra-operative Diagnosis of Brain Tumors and Maximizing Extent of Surgical Resection....Pages 161-172 Magnetic Resonance-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Brain Tumors....Pages 173-185 Front Matter....Pages 159-159 Nanotechnology-Based Therapy for Malignant Tumors of the Central Nervous System....Pages 187-194 Pilocytic Astrocytoma: Pathological and Immunohistochemical Factors Affecting Surgical Treatment and Surveillance....Pages 195-202 Pilomyxoid Astrocytomas: Chemotherapy....Pages 203-209 Front Matter....Pages 211-211 Astrocytomas: Predicting Survival and Recurrence Using Cerebral Blood Volume Measurements....Pages 213-221 Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Monitoring (ePROM) in Brain Tumour Patients....Pages 223-230 Front Matter....Pages 231-231 Intra-operative ICG Use in the Management of Hemangioblastomas....Pages 233-238 Hemangioblastoma Cysts: Diagnosis Using Fluorescence with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid....Pages 239-243 Hemangioblastoma: Stereotactic Radiosurgery....Pages 245-250 Front Matter....Pages 251-251 Gangliogliomas: Molecular Pathogenesis and Epileptogenesis....Pages 253-265 Epilepsy-Associated Gangliogliomas: Identification of Genes with Altered Expression....Pages 267-273 Back Matter....Pages 275-290 Advantages and limitations of biomarkers in gliomagenesis are described. Molecular subtypes of gliomas are detailed. The role played by TP53 gene mutation in the deadliest brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme, is pointed out. The role of mutations of IDH1 and IDH2, and isocitrate dehydrogenases in malignant gliomas are presented. Metabolic differences in different regions of the glioma tumor are clarified. Various types of imaging modalities, including PET and SPECT, to diagnose gliomas in general and glioblastoma in particular in patients are explained in detail. Both low-grade and high-grade Annotation In this book, the classification of brain tumors is updated using magnetic resonance spectroscopy technology. The role of cellular immortality in brain tumors is reviewed. Genetic profiling and treatment (including neurosurgery) of brain cancers are also explained