Tumor Immunology: Molecularly Defined Antigens and Clinical Applications (Tumor immunology & immunotherapy)

Recent advances in immunology and molecular biology have resulted in new therapeutic approaches being generated and implemented in cancer clinics. The discovery of new antigens, mechanisms of antigen presentation, and interplay of cells involved in anti-tumor immunity have made the clinical control of some cancers more plausible than previously thought. An invaluable source for clinicians, researchers, and students, Tumor Immunology presents an introductory overview of the immunology of cancer including therapeutic approaches. Topics covered include the immune recognition of cancer-tumor antigens, humoral recognition of cancer, and the immunotherapy of cancer. Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Series Preface......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Introduction......Page 11 BASIC REFERENCES......Page 17 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES......Page 18 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 20 INTRODUCTION......Page 21 CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS......Page 26 DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS......Page 29 WIDELY EXPRESSED PROTEINS......Page 32 TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS......Page 33 CLASS II MHC RESTRICTED TUMOR ANTIGENS......Page 36 IDENTIFICATION OF EPITOPES ON CANDIDATE ANTIGENS......Page 38 MODULATION OF T CELL RECOGNITION......Page 40 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 42 REFERENCES......Page 45 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 58 ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION ARE CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND TARGETING......Page 59 ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY OF ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION......Page 61 EXOGENOUS PATHWAY OF ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION......Page 62 MHC CLASS I MOLECULES PREFERENTIALLY PRESENT ENDOGENOUSLY SYNTHESIZED PEPTIDE ANTIGENS TO CD8+ T CELLS......Page 64 MHC CLASS II MOLECULES PREFERENTIALLY PRESENT EXOGENOUSLY SYNTHESIZED PEPTIDE ANTIGENS......Page 66 THE ROLE OF THE MHC-ENCODED CLASS I-LIKE (MHC CLASS IB) MOLECULES IS UNKNOWN......Page 67 CD1 MOLECULES PRESENT LIPID ANTIGENS......Page 68 ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY PROFESSIONAL ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS......Page 69 Dendritic Cells Maturation and Migration......Page 70 Dendritic Cell-Mediated Activation of B Cells and T cells within The Lymph Nodes......Page 72 Cross-Priming or Indirect Antigen Presentation for Activating T Lymphocytes......Page 73 Generating Dendritic Cells In Vitro for Immunization/Vaccination Therapies......Page 75 B LYMPHOCYTES......Page 77 ACTIVATION OF CD8 T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 79 ACTIVATION OF CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 80 REFERENCES......Page 82 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 88 BASIS FOR T CELL RECOGNITION OF TUMORS......Page 89 ROLE OF T CELLS IN ANTITUMOR RESPONSES......Page 90 DIRECT VS. INDIRECT ANTIGEN PRESENTATION IN CD4+-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 92 WHY THE HELPER ARM OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS MAY BE DEFECTIVE......Page 93 BOTH TH1 AND TH2 CD4+ T CELLS CAN COOPERATE IN ANTITUMOR RESPONSES......Page 94 CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES AND HUMAN CANCER......Page 95 CD8 T CELLS IN HUMAN CANCER......Page 97 WHY CD8-MEDIATED T CELL RESPONSES MAY FAIL TO TAKE PLACE EVEN WHEN TUMORS ARE ANTIGENIC......Page 98 DIRECT VS. INDIRECT ANTIGEN PRESENTATION IN CD8+-MEDIATED ANTI-TUMOR RESPONSES......Page 99 ROLE OF NATURAL KILLER LYMPHOCYTES......Page 100 THE BASIS FOR NK CELL RECOGNITION OF TUMORS......Page 101 MOLECULES AND OF CHEMOKINES .........Page 102 REFERENCES......Page 106 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 110 MECHANISMS FOR B CELL RECOGNITION OF TUMOR ANTIGENS AND FOR EFFECTOR ACTIONS......Page 111 TARGET CANCER ANTIGENS......Page 113 THE BASIS FOR ANTIBODY-MEDIATED THERAPY OF CANCER......Page 116 VACCINES AGAINST GANGLIOSIDES......Page 117 PREPARATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES THAT RECOGNIZE CANCER......Page 119 THERAPY WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES......Page 121 CONCLUSION......Page 123 REFERENCES......Page 124 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 127 INTRODUCTION......Page 128 Differences in Therapeutic versus Preventive Vaccines......Page 129 Switching Immune Responses from TH2 to TH1 and Cell Mediated Responses......Page 130 “Helper” Molecules are Needed to Generate Optimal Immune Responses......Page 131 Selecting the Right Adjuvants......Page 132 Antigens Recognized by T Cells......Page 134 Selection of Antigens for Cancer Vaccines......Page 135 Cytokine Gene Transfected Cancer Cells......Page 137 Proteins and Peptides as Vaccines......Page 138 “Naked” DNA Vaccines......Page 141 Dendritic Cells......Page 142 CONCLUSIONS......Page 143 CYTOKINE THERAPY......Page 144 INTERFERONS......Page 146 INTERLEUKIN-2......Page 147 TUMOR ANTIGENS AND INTERLEUKIN-2......Page 152 CHEMOTHERAPY AND INTERLEUKIN-2......Page 153 COMBINATION TREATMENTS WITH INTERLEUKIN-2......Page 154 CONCLUSIONS......Page 157 ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY......Page 158 INTRODUCTION......Page 159 LAK AND TILS AS EFFECTORS OF ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY......Page 160 Adoptive Immunotherapy with TIL in Melanoma Patients......Page 161 TILs Specificity and the Antigenic Heterogeneity of Target Cells......Page 163 Identification of Relevant Epitopes Recognized by TIL......Page 164 In vitro Selection and Expansion of Antigen-specific TIL......Page 165 REFERENCES......Page 168 ABBREVIATIONS......Page 187 INTRODUCTION......Page 188 MODIFICATION OF TUMOR CELLS THAT INDUCE IMMUNOLOGIC IGNORANCE......Page 189 EVASION BY MHC ALTERED GENE AND CELL SURFACE EXPRESSION......Page 190 Altered MHC Class I Antigen Presentation......Page 193 Structural Defects of β2-Microglobulin Gene......Page 195 Abnormalities that Affect Class I MHC Heavy Chain......Page 196 Modulation of MHC Class I Expression by Viral Infection......Page 197 LOSS OF TUMOR ANTIGEN EXPRESSION......Page 198 EXPRESSION OF MOLECULES THAT INHIBIT T AND NK RESPONSE......Page 199 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CYTOKINES......Page 202 EXPRESSION OF MOLECULES THAT OPERATE ON THE APO-FAS PATHWAY......Page 203 ABNORMALITIES IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF T CELLS......Page 206 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 207 REFERENCES......Page 208 Index......Page 214