Trust: The Evolutionary Game of Mind and Society (The Science of the Mind)

"This book is written around the central message that collectivist societies produce security, but destroy trust. In collectivist societies, people are connected through networks of strong personal ties where the behavior of all agents is constantly monitored and controlled. As a result, individuals in collectivist networks are assured that others will abide by social norms, and gain a sense of security erroneously thought of as "trust." However, this book argues that this security is not truly trust, based on beliefs regarding the integrity of others, but assurance, based on the system of mutual control within the network. In collectivist societies, security is assured insofar as people stay within the network, but people do not trust in the benevolence of human nature. On the one hand, transaction costs are reduced within collectivist networks, as once accepted into a network the risk of being maltreated is minimized. However, joining the network requires individuals to pay opportunity cost, that is, they pay a cost by forgoing potentially superior opportunities outside the security of the network. In this era of globalization, people from traditionally collectivistic societies face the challenge of learning how to free themselves from the security of such collectivistic networks in order to explore the opportunities open to them elsewhere. This book presents research investigating how the minds of individuals are shaped by the conflict between maintaining security inside closed networks of strong ties, and venturing outside of the network to seek out new opportunities."--Publisher's website Cover Title Preface Acknowledgments Contents 1. Introduction 2. Paradoxes of Trust Market for Lemons Social Uncertainty and Trust The First Paradox The Second Paradox The Third Paradox Experiments on Sensitivity to Information Experiments on Prediction of Others’ Behavior 3. Conceptual Clarifications Multifaceted Nature of Trust Expectation of Natural and Moral Orders Expectations of Competence and Expectations of Intentions Trust and Assurance Social Uncertainty and Prudence General Trust and Information-Based Trust Character-Based Trust and Relational Trust Summary of Relationships Among Concepts Related to Trust Trust and Trustworthiness The Paradoxes of Trust Revisited 4. The Emancipation Theory of Trust Trust as Encapsulated Self-Interest Trust Produced in Stable Relationships Limitations of the Reductionist Approach Social Uncertainty and Formation of Commitment Relationships Commitment Relationships Formation of Yakuza-Type Commitment Relationships Pruitt and Kimmel’s Goal/Expectation Theory The Tit-for-Tat Strategy Axelrod’s Computer Simulation Reduction of Social Uncertainty by Formation of Stable Relationships Kollock’s Analysis of Rice and Rubber Trades Experiment of Rice and Rubber Trades Network Prisoner Dilemma Experiment Transaction Cost and Opportunity Cost Trust as Emancipator from Relational Confinement Trustworthiness as a Trait of the “Selected” and Trust as a Trait of the “Selecting” Incentive and Intentionality 5. Assurance in Japan, Trust in the US The USA–Japan Comparative Questionnaire Survey Student Sample General Sample Pilot Study 1 Pilot Study 2 Back Translation Comparison of General Trust Between Japanese and Americans Importance of Commitment Relationships Importance of Reputation Honesty and Justice Summary of the USA–Japan Comparative Study 6. Trust and Commitment Formation Experiment 1 Cross-Cultural Experiment and Cross-Societal Experiment Purpose of the Experiments Procedure Findings Decline in Trust in Strangers Experiment 2 Procedure Findings Relationship of the Experimental Findings with the Theory Experiment 3 Behavioral Measure of Trust The Faith Game Findings The Role of Experimentation 7. Trust as Social Intelligence Selection by Consequence Social Environment The Game Approach The Evolutionary Game Approach In Search of a Missing Link Benefits of Being Credulous? High Trusters Are More Sensitive to Information Prisoner’s Dilemma with Variable Dependence Results of the Prisoner’s Dilemma Experiment with Variable Dependence The First Cooperator/Defector Detection Experiment The Second Detection Experiment Social Intelligence and General Trust The Cognitive Investment Model of Trust Development The Missing Link Revisited Is Trust Needed? 8. In Search of a Foundation for an Open Society Evolutionary Game and Coevolution Trust and Social Intelligence Trust, Trustworthiness, and Social Intelligence Equilibrium Within Individuals and Between Individuals Assurance of Security and Network Extension Breakdown of Trust and Breakdown of Assurance of Security Subjective Transformation of Assurance of Security to Trust Assurance of Security and Trust in the Modern Society 9. Epilog to the English Edition Does Collectivism Hamper General Trust? Are Japanese as Trustful as Americans? Confounding of Lack of Trust and Prudence Who Are “Most People”? Collectivism Hampers Development of General Trust Trust and Social Intelligence Trust and General Intelligence Trust and Emotional Intelligence Trust and Accuracy in Predicting Other Game Players’ Behavior It Takes Venturing into a Tiger’s Cave to Steal a Baby Tiger Trustworthiness Pays Trust and Risk-Taking by American and Japanese Game Players Final Remarks References Index This book is written around the central message that collectivist societies produce security, but destroy trust. In collectivist societies, people are connected through networks of strong personal ties where the behavior of all agents is constantly monitored and controlled. As a result, individuals in collectivist networks are assured that others will abide by social norms, and gain a sense of security erroneously thought of as "(Btrust." However, this book argues that this security is not truly trust, based on beliefs regarding the integrity of others, but assurance, based on the system of mutual control within the network. In collectivist societies, security is assured insofar as people stay within the network, but people do not trust in the benevolence of human nature. On the one hand, transaction costs are reduced within collectivist networks, as once accepted into a network the risk of being maltreated is minimized. However, joining the network requires individuals to pay opportunity cost, that is, they pay a cost by forgoing potentially superior opportunities outside the security of the network. In this era of globalization, people from traditionally collectivistic societies face the challenge of learning how to free themselves from the security of such collectivistic networks in order to explore the opportunities open to them elsewhere. This book presents research investigating how the minds of individuals are shaped by the conflict between maintaining security inside closed networks of strong ties, and venturing outside of the network to seek out new opportunities Annotation This book explores the idea that collectivist societies produce security but destroy trust. It examines how the minds of individuals are shaped by the conflict between maintaining security inside closed networks and venturing outside to seek new opportunities