Tropical Lung Disease, Second Edition (lung Biology In Health And Disease)

This authoritative guide provides state-of-the-art reviews of the most commonly encountered infectious and noninfectious tropical pulmonary diseases and emphasizes current approaches to the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of tropical lung disorders-offering a concise overview of imaging services in the tropics, as well as authoritative coverage of specific diseases such as tuberculosis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, schistosomiasis, malaria, amebiasis, Behcet's disease, and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). cover 1 Introduction 14 Preface 16 Contributors 20 Contents 24 1 Pulmonary Zoonoses 34 I. Introduction 34 II. Historical Comment 34 III. Epidemiology 35 IV. Important Pulmonary Zoonoses 38 V. Conclusions 45 References 45 2 Symptoms and Signs in Tropical Medicine 48 I. Introduction 48 II. Medical History 49 III. Examination of the Chest 56 IV. Extrapulmonary Signs Helpful in Diagnosing Tropical Lung Disease 57 V. Sarcoidosis 63 VI. Heerfordt–Waldenstrom Syndrome 64 VIII. Conclusion 67 References 68 3 Tropical Pulmonary Radiology 70 I. Introduction 70 II. Imaging Services in the Tropics 70 III. Disease Profile of Lung Imaging in the Tropics 71 IV. Pulmonary Tuberculosis 73 V. Tuberculosis and HIV 75 VI. Pulmonary Complications in HIV Infection 77 VII. Kaposi’s Sarcoma 80 VIII. Amebiasis 81 IX. Hydatid Disease 83 X. Pulmonary Strongyloides 86 XI. Paragonimiasis 88 XII. Melioidosis 89 XIII. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 92 XIV. Conclusion 93 References 93 4 Recent Advances in the Immunology of the Respiratory Tract 96 I. The Mucosal Immune System 97 II. TLRs 99 III. TH1 vs. TH2 102 IV. T-Regulatory Cells 103 V. IgA 105 VI. Collectins: Surfactant Proteins A and D and MBL 107 VII. Host Defense Molecules 110 VIII. Malnutrition and Immune Response 113 IX. Immune Evasion Mechanisms 115 X. Conclusion 118 References 119 5 Bronchoscopy: Diagnostic and Interventional Approach in Tropical Pulmonary Diseases 128 I. Tuberculosis 130 II. Melioidosis 134 III. Q Fever 134 IV. Brucellosis 134 V. Leptospirosis 135 VI. Cryptococcosis 135 VII. Histoplasmosis 136 VIII. Coccidioidomycosis 136 IX. Pneumocystis carinii 138 X. Paragonimiasis 138 XI. Amebiasis 139 XII. Echinococcosis 139 XIII. Filariasis 140 XIV. Strongyloidiasis 140 XV. Toxoplasmosis 142 XVI. Dirofilaria 142 XVII. Syngamosis 142 XVIII. Malaria 143 XIX. Other Parasites 143 XX. Dust-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease in Tropical Environments 144 XXI. Conclusion 144 References 144 6 Common Tropical Pneumonias: Diagnosis and Treatment 150 I. Introduction 150 II. Legionnaires’ Disease 151 III. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to 154 IV. Respiratory Viruses 156 V. Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome 160 VII. SARS 165 VIII. Summary 168 References 169 7 Pleural Effusions in the Tropics 176 I. Tuberculous Pleural Effusion 177 II. Pleural Effusion Secondary to Parasitic Infections 181 III. Pleural Effusion Secondary to Fungal Infection 189 IV. Pleural Effusions Due to Viruses 192 V. Atypical Infections 197 VI. Conclusion 197 References 198 8 Tropical Granulomas: Diagnosis 206 I. Morphology of Granuloma 206 II. Function of Granuloma 208 III. Immunological Events at the Site of Granuloma 208 IV. Causes of Lung Granulomas 209 V. Differential Diagnosis 209 VI. Mycobacterial Infections 213 VII. Fungal Diseases 214 VIII. Parasitic Diseases 215 IX. Bacterial Disease 216 X. Granulomatous Diseases of Unknown Cause 217 XI. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitides 220 XII. Oro-Facial Granulomatosis (Melkersson–Rosenthal Syndrome) 221 XIII. Blau’s Syndrome 221 XIV. Beryllosis 221 XV. Drug-Induced Pulmonary Granulomas 223 XVI. Local Sarcoid (Granuloma) Reaction 223 XVII. Conclusion 224 References 224 9 Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Eosinophilic Lung Diseases in the Tropics 228 I. Introduction 228 II. Pulmonary Ascariasis 231 III. Pulmonary Ancylostomiasis 234 IV. Pulmonary Strongyloidiasis 236 V. Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia 239 VI. Visceral Larva Migrans 249 VII. Pulmonary Trichinellosis 251 VIII. Pulmonary Schistosomiasis 252 IX. Pulmonary Paragonimiasis 253 X. Pulmonary Hydatid Disease 253 XI. Pulmonary Eosinophilia in Pulmonary Tuberculosis 254 XII. Pulmonary Brucellosis 254 XIII. Fungus-Induced Eosinophilic Lung Diseases 255 References 256 10 Immunopathogenesis of Malaria 274 I. The Malaria Parasite 275 II. Pathogenesis of Malaria 276 III. Immunopathogenesis of Malarial Acute Lung Injury: Increased Vascular Permeability 277 IV. Immunity to Malaria 278 V. Antimalarial Vaccination 282 References 283 11 Pulmonary and Critical Care Aspects of Severe Malaria 288 I. Introduction 288 II. Pathophysiology 289 III. Clinical Features 290 IV. Diagnosis 297 V. Management 298 VI. Conclusion 306 References 307 12 Pleuropulmonary Amebiasis 314 I. History 314 II. The Parasite 315 III. Pleuropulmonary Complications 316 IV. Pathogenesis 317 V. Clinical Features 318 VI. Laboratory Abnormalities 319 VII. Radiographic Findings 319 VIII. Diagnosis 321 IX. Treatment 321 X. Conclusion 323 References 323 13 Paragonimiasis 328 I. Introduction 328 II. Geographical Distribution and Genetics 329 III. Incidence and Epidemiology 329 IV. Clinical Manifestations 333 V. Diagnosis 341 VI. Treatment 343 VII. Clinical Presentation 344 VIII. Immunology 347 IX. The Future 348 Acknowledgments 349 References 349 14 Hydatid Lung Disease 360 I. Introduction 360 II. Epidemiology and Genetics 362 III. Clinical Presentation 363 IV. Pathogenesis 366 V. Immunology 367 VI. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostic Features 368 VII. Treatment 373 Acknowledgment 377 References 377 15 Lung Involvement in Schistosomiasis 384 I. Introduction 384 II. Incidence and Epidemiology 385 III. Pathophysiology 387 IV. Clinical Manifestations of Schistosomiasis 387 V. Pathophysiology of Lung Involvement in Schistosomiasis 388 VI. Early Pulmonary Schistosomiasis 389 VII. Chronic Pulmonary Disease 392 VIII. Prevention 394 IX. Conclusion 396 Acknowledgment 396 References 396 16 Pulmonary Manifestations in Familial Mediterranean Fever 400 I. Introduction 400 II. Incidence and Epidemiology 401 III. Genetics 401 IV. Pathophysiology 402 V. FMF as a Prototype of the Periodic Fever Syndromes 402 VI. Treatment 403 VII. Chest Manifestations of FMF 403 VIII. Conclusions and Perspective 405 References 406 17 Pulmonary Complications of Behc ̧et’s Disease 410 I. Introduction 410 II. Incidence and Epidemiology 410 III. Genetics 411 IV. Clinical Presentation 411 V. Pathophysiology 414 VI. Immunological Alterations 415 VII. Biochemical and Laboratory Features 416 VIII. Natural History and Prognosis 420 IX. Treatment 421 X. The Future 422 Acknowledgments 422 References 422 18 Endemic Mycosis 430 I. Introduction 430 II. Histoplasmosis 431 III. Blastomycosis 440 IV. Coccidioidomycosis 446 V. Paracoccidioidomycosis 454 References 457 19 Pulmonary Leptospirosis: Lung Biology in Health and Diseases 464 I. Introduction 464 II. Etiology 465 III. Epidemiology 466 IV. Clinical Presentation 470 V. Pathophysiology 474 VI. Immunological Alterations and Diagnosis 476 VII. Biochemical and Laboratory Features 478 VIII. Treatment 478 IX. Prophylaxis 480 X. The Future 480 Acknowledgments 480 References 481 20 Diffuse Panbronchiolitis 488 I. Introduction 488 II. Incidence and Epidemiology 489 III. Pathological Features of DPB (Table 2) 489 IV. DPB: Is it an Illness Limited Only to Japan? 490 V. Pathophysiology and Immunological Alterations 494 VI. Biochemical and Laboratory Features Relevant to Disease Activity or Progression 496 VII. Clinical Presentation 496 VIII. Treatment and Clinical Course 500 Acknowledgment 502 References 502 21 Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Diseases: The Acute Chest Syndrome 508 I. Introduction 508 II. Epidemiology 511 III. Clinical Presentation 512 IV. Pathophysiology 514 V. Immunology 516 VI. Biochemical/Laboratory Features 518 VII. Differential Diagnosis 520 VIII. Management 522 IX. Future Considerations 527 X. Conclusions 528 References 528 22 Treatment of Tuberculosis in the Tropics: An Evidence-based Review 540 I. Introduction 540 II. Preventive Treatment and Measurements 542 III. Treatment of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infection 543 IV. Future Directions 555 References 556 Index 568 cover......Page 1 Introduction......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 Contributors......Page 20 Contents......Page 24 II. Historical Comment......Page 34 III. Epidemiology......Page 35 IV. Important Pulmonary Zoonoses......Page 38 References......Page 45 I. Introduction......Page 48 II. Medical History......Page 49 III. Examination of the Chest......Page 56 IV. Extrapulmonary Signs Helpful in Diagnosing Tropical Lung Disease......Page 57 V. Sarcoidosis......Page 63 VI. Heerfordt–Waldenstrom Syndrome......Page 64 VIII. Conclusion......Page 67 References......Page 68 II. Imaging Services in the Tropics......Page 70 III. Disease Profile of Lung Imaging in the Tropics......Page 71 IV. Pulmonary Tuberculosis......Page 73 V. Tuberculosis and HIV......Page 75 VI. Pulmonary Complications in HIV Infection......Page 77 VII. Kaposi’s Sarcoma......Page 80 VIII. Amebiasis......Page 81 IX. Hydatid Disease......Page 83 X. Pulmonary Strongyloides......Page 86 XI. Paragonimiasis......Page 88 XII. Melioidosis......Page 89 XIII. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)......Page 92 References......Page 93 4 Recent Advances in the Immunology of the Respiratory Tract......Page 96 I. The Mucosal Immune System......Page 97 II. TLRs......Page 99 III. TH1 vs. TH2......Page 102 IV. T-Regulatory Cells......Page 103 V. IgA......Page 105 VI. Collectins: Surfactant Proteins A and D and MBL......Page 107 VII. Host Defense Molecules......Page 110 VIII. Malnutrition and Immune Response......Page 113 IX. Immune Evasion Mechanisms......Page 115 X. Conclusion......Page 118 References......Page 119 5 Bronchoscopy: Diagnostic and Interventional Approach in Tropical Pulmonary Diseases......Page 128 I. Tuberculosis......Page 130 IV. Brucellosis......Page 134 VI. Cryptococcosis......Page 135 VIII. Coccidioidomycosis......Page 136 X. Paragonimiasis......Page 138 XII. Echinococcosis......Page 139 XIV. Strongyloidiasis......Page 140 XVII. Syngamosis......Page 142 XIX. Other Parasites......Page 143 References......Page 144 I. Introduction......Page 150 II. Legionnaires’ Disease......Page 151 III. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to......Page 154 IV. Respiratory Viruses......Page 156 V. Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome......Page 160 VII. SARS......Page 165 VIII. Summary......Page 168 References......Page 169 7 Pleural Effusions in the Tropics......Page 176 I. Tuberculous Pleural Effusion......Page 177 II. Pleural Effusion Secondary to Parasitic Infections......Page 181 III. Pleural Effusion Secondary to Fungal Infection......Page 189 IV. Pleural Effusions Due to Viruses......Page 192 VI. Conclusion......Page 197 References......Page 198 I. Morphology of Granuloma......Page 206 III. Immunological Events at the Site of Granuloma......Page 208 V. Differential Diagnosis......Page 209 VI. Mycobacterial Infections......Page 213 VII. Fungal Diseases......Page 214 VIII. Parasitic Diseases......Page 215 IX. Bacterial Disease......Page 216 X. Granulomatous Diseases of Unknown Cause......Page 217 XI. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitides......Page 220 XIV. Beryllosis......Page 221 XVI. Local Sarcoid (Granuloma) Reaction......Page 223 References......Page 224 I. Introduction......Page 228 II. Pulmonary Ascariasis......Page 231 III. Pulmonary Ancylostomiasis......Page 234 IV. Pulmonary Strongyloidiasis......Page 236 V. Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia......Page 239 VI. Visceral Larva Migrans......Page 249 VII. Pulmonary Trichinellosis......Page 251 VIII. Pulmonary Schistosomiasis......Page 252 X. Pulmonary Hydatid Disease......Page 253 XII. Pulmonary Brucellosis......Page 254 XIII. Fungus-Induced Eosinophilic Lung Diseases......Page 255 References......Page 256 10 Immunopathogenesis of Malaria......Page 274 I. The Malaria Parasite......Page 275 II. Pathogenesis of Malaria......Page 276 III. Immunopathogenesis of Malarial Acute Lung Injury: Increased Vascular Permeability......Page 277 IV. Immunity to Malaria......Page 278 V. Antimalarial Vaccination......Page 282 References......Page 283 I. Introduction......Page 288 II. Pathophysiology......Page 289 III. Clinical Features......Page 290 IV. Diagnosis......Page 297 V. Management......Page 298 VI. Conclusion......Page 306 References......Page 307 I. History......Page 314 II. The Parasite......Page 315 III. Pleuropulmonary Complications......Page 316 IV. Pathogenesis......Page 317 V. Clinical Features......Page 318 VII. Radiographic Findings......Page 319 IX. Treatment......Page 321 References......Page 323 I. Introduction......Page 328 III. Incidence and Epidemiology......Page 329 IV. Clinical Manifestations......Page 333 V. Diagnosis......Page 341 VI. Treatment......Page 343 VII. Clinical Presentation......Page 344 VIII. Immunology......Page 347 IX. The Future......Page 348 References......Page 349 I. Introduction......Page 360 II. Epidemiology and Genetics......Page 362 III. Clinical Presentation......Page 363 IV. Pathogenesis......Page 366 V. Immunology......Page 367 VI. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostic Features......Page 368 VII. Treatment......Page 373 References......Page 377 I. Introduction......Page 384 II. Incidence and Epidemiology......Page 385 IV. Clinical Manifestations of Schistosomiasis......Page 387 V. Pathophysiology of Lung Involvement in Schistosomiasis......Page 388 VI. Early Pulmonary Schistosomiasis......Page 389 VII. Chronic Pulmonary Disease......Page 392 VIII. Prevention......Page 394 References......Page 396 I. Introduction......Page 400 III. Genetics......Page 401 V. FMF as a Prototype of the Periodic Fever Syndromes......Page 402 VII. Chest Manifestations of FMF......Page 403 VIII. Conclusions and Perspective......Page 405 References......Page 406 II. Incidence and Epidemiology......Page 410 IV. Clinical Presentation......Page 411 V. Pathophysiology......Page 414 VI. Immunological Alterations......Page 415 VII. Biochemical and Laboratory Features......Page 416 VIII. Natural History and Prognosis......Page 420 IX. Treatment......Page 421 References......Page 422 I. Introduction......Page 430 II. Histoplasmosis......Page 431 III. Blastomycosis......Page 440 IV. Coccidioidomycosis......Page 446 V. Paracoccidioidomycosis......Page 454 References......Page 457 I. Introduction......Page 464 II. Etiology......Page 465 III. Epidemiology......Page 466 IV. Clinical Presentation......Page 470 V. Pathophysiology......Page 474 VI. Immunological Alterations and Diagnosis......Page 476 VIII. Treatment......Page 478 Acknowledgments......Page 480 References......Page 481 I. Introduction......Page 488 III. Pathological Features of DPB (Table 2)......Page 489 IV. DPB: Is it an Illness Limited Only to Japan?......Page 490 V. Pathophysiology and Immunological Alterations......Page 494 VII. Clinical Presentation......Page 496 VIII. Treatment and Clinical Course......Page 500 References......Page 502 I. Introduction......Page 508 II. Epidemiology......Page 511 III. Clinical Presentation......Page 512 IV. Pathophysiology......Page 514 V. Immunology......Page 516 VI. Biochemical/Laboratory Features......Page 518 VII. Differential Diagnosis......Page 520 VIII. Management......Page 522 IX. Future Considerations......Page 527 References......Page 528 I. Introduction......Page 540 II. Preventive Treatment and Measurements......Page 542 III. Treatment of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infection......Page 543 IV. Future Directions......Page 555 References......Page 556 Index......Page 568