Tropical fruits - from cultivation to consumption and health benefits : guava and mango

Food or medicine? That is the question related to our everyday lives.. Fruits are an important part of daily nutritional habits and can be recognized as a supplier of vitamins, minerals, fibers, antioxidants, etc. On the other hand, however, they can influence our GUT microflora and can have a direct and indirect impact on our health. Our ancestors had no knowledge of plant taxonomy, enzymes, antioxidants, or microbiology; they even knew nothing about the existence of the microbes and all these molecules. However, they had one very powerful piece of knowledge, and that was knowledge of traditional know-how. Based on personal experience and the knowledge transferred from parents to children throughout the centuries, they knew about the beneficial properties of fruits, vegetables, and medical plants. The longest part of this history was based on empirical knowledge gained by experience without former knowledge of either mechanisms or scientific basis. If we look back in history, we can find the use of various fruits, vegetables and medical plants in the treatment of numerous diseases; they appreciated for their nutritional value or used in everyday domestic processes. Based on empiric experience, a high number of fruits have been used in traditional medicine. Empiric knowledge, frequently transferred from one generation to the next, was the only basis for preparation and application of these products in the past. Mangos (Mangifera indica L.) and guavas (Psidium guajava) have been widely acknowledged as nutritionally valuable fruits that act excellent sources of vitamins and minerals. They have been cultivated in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Many research investigations reveal that both plants exhibit numerous medicinal properties. They have been used to treat many ailments by acting as antioxidants, antidiabetics, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-diarrhea supplements, aiding with hypolipidaemia, and anti-cancer promoters. Mangos have been found to be widely used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, while guavas are processed mainly into food products. However, their physical, chemical, and sensory attributes of undergo changes upon the ripening process. Thus, different methods of storage and packaging are developed to prolong the shelf life and maintain the quality of these fruits. From the viewpoint of the twenty-first century scientist, we have sufficient knowledge to address various beneficial properties to mangos and guavas. Nowadays, the application of different parts of the mango and guava plants could be seen in the preparation of numerous bioactive molecules. These molecules include enzymes, antibacterial proteins, antioxidants, and various extracts applicable in modern medicine, food industry, etc. In this book, we have tried to collect materials covering some aspects from characterization and origin of the mango and guava plants into the taxonomical position of the plants to summarize information about the application of the fruits and other parts of their plants. TROPICAL FRUITS -- FROM CULTIVATION TO CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH BENEFITS GUAVA AND MANGO TROPICAL FRUITS -- FROM CULTIVATION TO CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH BENEFITS GUAVA AND MANGO Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 MANGO AND GUAVA: NUTRITION AND POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY Abstract 1.0. Introduction 1.1. Mango 1.2. Guava 2.0. Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits 2.1. Nutritional Composition 2.1.1. Mango 2.1.2. Guava 2.2. Medicinal Values 2.2.1. Mango 2.2.2. Guava 2.3. Industrial Applications 2.3.1. Mango. 2.3.2. Guava3.0. Postharvest Physiology 3.1. Physical, Chemical and Sensory Attributes 3.2. Postharvest Losses 3.2.1. Mango 3.2.2. Guava 3.3. Storage and Packaging 3.3.1. Mango 3.3.2. Guava 4.0. Food Safety Concerns Conclusion References Chapter 2 MANGO TAXONOMY Abstract Introduction Botanical Classification Characteristics of Mangífera Taxonomic History Subdivision of the Genus Subgenera Limus (Marchand) Kosterm Euantheraepierre Rawakosterm Mangifera Ding Hou Species in the Uncertainty Taxonomic Position Mango Characteristics Mangífera indica Climate. Solar RadiationAir Temperature Air Humidity Type of Soil Commercial Mangoes Varieties from Spontaneous Hybridization to Emergence of New Species Tommy Atkinse Keitt Kent Van Dyke Palmer Rosa References Chapter 3 POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR FRESH MANGOES Abstract Introduction Mango Packages References Chapter 4 BIOACTIVE MOLECULES AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF MANGO PEEL Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Bioactive Compounds in Different Parts of the Mango Tree 3. Mango Fruit Pulp as Source of Nutrients and Nutraceuticals 3.1. Health Benefits of Mango Fruit Pulp. 3.2. Processed Products of Mango4. Mango Fruit Processing By-Products and Health Benefits of Mango Peel 4.1. Digestive Enzymes in Mango Peel 4.2. Methods to Obtain Dry Mango Peel Powder 4.3. Bioactive Compounds, Dietary Fibre and Health Benefits of Mango Peel 4.3.1. Composition and Importance of Mango Peel Dietary Fiber Characteristics of Mango Peel Pectin 4.3.2. Bioactive Compounds of Mango Peel 4.3.3. Antioxidant Properties of Peel 4.3.4. Antifungal Properties of Peel 4.3.5. Use of Mango Peel for Controlling Diabetes and Cancer Effect of Mango Peel on Amelioration of Diabetes. Inhibition of Proliferation of Cancer Cell Lines by Mango Peel Extract4.3.6. Use of Mango Peel Extract as Reducing Agent in Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles in Medicinal Applications 4.3.7. Functional Foods with Mango Peel Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 REJUVENATION OF OLD MANGO ORCHARD Abstract Introduction Objectives of Rejuvenation Causes Which Makes the Orchard Uneconomic Need for Rejuvenation Principle of Rejuvenation Techniques for Rejuvenation of Old Mango Orchards Technique -- 1 Technique -- 2 Technique -- 3 Technique -- 4.