Trophic Regulation of the Basal Ganglia : Focus on Dopamine Neurons

Since 1940 brain and pituitary extracts have been known to be capable of stimulating the proliferation of cultured fibroblasts. In 1974, one of these substances was partially purified and named FGF; later it was realised there exists a family of fibroblast growth factors, of which the best characterised are the FGF-I and FGF-2 (aFGF, BFGF). More recent work has shown that FGFs have many actions and that they are active not only on fibroblasts, but also on a wide range of cell types including those of the central nervous system. This volume represents the state-of-the-art of our understanding of aFGF and bFGF in the basal ganglia. Thus, the localization of those growth factors, the control mechanisms of their expression, and their trophic actions are analyzed in relation to nerve cell survival as well as to the neurodegenerative diseases affecting, the basal ganglia. Some of the most advanced research on degenerative and regenerative features of the basal ganglia is also presented. These studies involve the actions of neurotrophins, epidermal growth factors, gangliosides and neuropeptides as well as their localization and expression in the basal ganglia. These discoveries should help towards understanding the interactions between trophic factors and transmitters in the control of nerve cell function and their phenotypic maintenance, the studies in this work aim to provide the appropriate background knowledge necessary to fully appreciate the impact of present FGF research on the trophic regulation of the basal ganglia Content: Wenner-Gren International Series , Page ii Front Matter , Page iii Copyright , Page iv 1 - Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, Ganglioside GM1 and the Trophic Regulation of the Basal Ganglia. Focus on the Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons , Pages 1-41 , K. FUXE, G. CHADI, B. TINNER, L. ROSÉN, A.M. JANSON, A. CINTRA, S.O. ÖGREN, L.F. AGNATI, A. MØLLER, Y. CAO, R.F. PETTERSSON, M. GOLDSTEIN, U. LINDAHL, G. DAVID, G. TOFFANO, A. BAIRD 2 - DARPP-32 / Protein Phosphatase-1 / Na + /K + ATPase System: A Mechanism for Bidirectional Control of Cell Function , Pages 43-58 , MELISSA S. PESSIN, GRETCHEN L. SNYDER, PAUL GREENGARD, SHELLEY HALPAIN, JEAN-ANTOINE GIRAULT, ANITA APERIA 3 - Muscle-Derived Differentiation Factor and its Regulation of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene in the Developing, Adult and Lesioned Rat Brain , Pages 59-65 , LORRAINE IACOVITTI 5 - Glucocorticoid and Estrogen Effects on the Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Systems , Pages 67-88 , BRUCE S. McEWEN, HELEN M. CHAO, JESUS A. ANGULO 5 - Factors Associated to Dopaminergic Cell Death in Parkinson's Disease , Pages 89-100 , F. JAVOY-AGID 6 - Compensatory Mechanisms At Dopamine D-2 Receptors , Pages 101-110 , MAURIZIO MEMO, PIERFRANCO SPANO 7 - Oxidative Stress and Reduced Receptor Responsiveness in Senescence , Pages 111-122 , J.A. JOSEPH, G.S. ROTH 8 - Expression, Regulation and Receptor Distribution of Neurotrophins in the Mammalian Central Nervous System , Pages 123-150 , HÅKAN PERSSON, CARLOS F. IBÁÑEZ, TONIS TIMMUSK, MADIS METSIS, FINN HALLBÖÖK, JEAN-PHILIPPE MERLIO, GISELA BARBANY, JOHAN BENGZON, ZAAL KOKAIA, OLLE LINDVALL, PATRIK ERNFORS 9 - Localization of Neurotrophins and Their Receptors at the mRNA and Protein Level , Pages 151-165 , LARS OLSON, CYNTHIA WETMORE, ANDREW J. BEAN, YIHAI CAO, RALF F. PETTERSSON 10 - Effects of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Injured Dopaminergic Neurons , Pages 167-183 , FRANZ HEFTI, KLAUS D. BECK, BEAT KNÜSEL 11 - Fibroblast Growth Factors and Parkinson's Disease , Pages 185-189 , D. OTTO, K. UNSICKER 12 - Homeobox Peptides as a Novel Class of Neurotrophic Molecules , Pages 191-202 , MICHEL VOLOVITCH, ALAIN H. JOLIOT, ISABELLE LE ROUX, ALAIN PROCHIANTZ 13 - Growth Factors Involved in the Development, Maturation and Neuroplasticity of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons , Pages 203-216 , MARIANN BLUM, DIANA CASPER, CYNTHIA SHANNON 14 - Ganglioside and Growth Factor Interactions Promote Mesencephalic Cell Survival from the Excitotoxic Actions of 2,4,5- Trihydroxyphenylalanine , Pages 217-223 , R. DAL TOSO, L. FACCI, S.D. SKAPER 15 - Trophic Factors and GM1 Ganglioside in the Basal Ganglia , Pages 225-234 , NORTON H. NEFF, MARIA HADJICONSTANTINOU 16 - The Role of Gangliosides and Trophic Factors in Brain Repair , Pages 235-249 , A. ASCHOFF, U. SCHMITT, B.A. SABEL 17 - Features of the Trophic Action of Polyamines , Pages 251-266 , GAD M. GILAD, VARDA H. GILAD 18 - Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors are Present in, and Produce Effects upon, Mesencephalic Dopamine Neurons , Pages 267-284 , ANDREW J. BEAN, ROBERT ELDE, TOMAS HÖKFELT, CORNELIA OELLIG, YIHAI CAO, RALF F. PETTERSSON 19 - Presence of Interleukin-1 in the Central Nervous System , Pages 285-299 , JAMES I. KOENIG 20 - Cellular Immediate-Early Genes in the Nervous System: Genes for All Reasons? , Pages 301-315 , TOM CURRAN, BRIAN S. HILBUSH, JAMES I. MORGAN 21 - Neuropeptide Synthesis in Astrocytes: Possible Trophic Roles , Pages 317-327 , JOAN P. SCHWARTZ, KUNIHIKO MITSUO, EDWARD O'MARA, TAKAYUKI TANIWAKI 22 - Beta-Amyloid Precursor: A Neuronal and Glial-Derived Protein With Trophic-like Activities , Pages 329-344 , ROBERT SIMAN 23 - Neuron—Glia Interactions: Receptor Induced Events in Single Astroglial Cells and Their Implications for Neuronal Excitability and For Neurotransmission , Pages 345-363 , ELISABETH HANSSON, MICHAEL NILSSON, PETER S. ERIKSSON, LARS RÖNNBÄCK 24 - Astrocytic Kynurenines as Modulators of Dopaminergic Function in the Rat Basal Ganglia , Pages 365-379 , ROBERT SCHWARCZ, HUI-QIU WU, PAUL D. SHEPARD, ROSALINDA C. ROBERTS 25 - Neurochemical and Behavioral Studies on L-dopa Toxicity in the Model of Manganese Lesioned Nigrostriatal Pathway in the Rat: Evidence for a Protective Effect of the GM 1 Lactone Siagoside , Pages 381-407 , GIUSEPPE BIAGINI, FRANCESCO FERRAGUTI, SILVIA PONZONI, MICHELE ZOLI, LUCA ALBONI, LUIGI F. AGNATI, GINO TOFFANO, KJELL FUXE 26 - The MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease in the Mouse. Modafinil—a New Potential Neuroprotective Agent , Pages 409-423 , ANN MARIE JANSON, KJELL FUXE, MENEK GOLDSTEIN, LUIGI F. AGNATI 27 - Recovery from MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism in Monkeys and Cats: Similar Mechanisms? , Pages 425-434 , J.S. SCHNEIDER 28 - The Evaluation of Antiparkinsonian Activities in Primate Models of Parkinsonism , Pages 435-441 , MENEK GOLDSTEIN 29 - The 3-Acetylpyridine Model of Parkinsonism: Use of Cytochrome Oxidase Gene Expression as an Index of Alterations in Basal Ganglia Function , Pages 443-464 , ARIEL Y. DEUTCH, A. CHISTINA GROBIN, PRISCILLA S. DANNIES 30 - Neuronal Plasticity: A Potential Role in Spiny Striatal Neuron Degeneration in Huntington's Disease , Pages 465-477 , ROBERT J. FERRANTE, NEIL W. KOWALL, E.P. RICHARDSON JR 31 - Plasticity Responses After Neonatal Dopamine Lesions Induced With 6-Hydroxydopamine , Pages 479-501 , LUCY RENYI, JOHAN LUTHMAN, RICHARD COWBURN, MARIA GRAZIA DE SIMONI 32 - Compensatory Neurobiological Changes after Partial Lesions with 6-Hydroxydopamine , Pages 503-516 , MICHAEL J. ZIGMOND 33 - Responses of Neostriatal Dopaminoceptive Cells to the Ischemic Insult , Pages 517-533 , FABIO BENFENATI, FRANCO ONOFRI, LUIGI F. AGNATI, MAURO CIMINO, KJELL FUXE 34 - Morphological and Functional Adaptation of Basal Ganglia Neurons after Cerebral Ischemia , Pages 535-547 , ISABELLA ZINI, EMILIO MERLO PICH, VALENTINA SOLFRINI, EVA VALENTE, ANDREA FRASOLDATI, LUIGI F. AGNATI, GINO TOFFANO 35 - Clearance and Diffusion of Locally Applied Dopamine in Normal and 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Rat Striatum , Pages 549-565 , BARRY J. HOFFER, CRAIG VAN HORNE, GREG A. GERHARDT, INGRID STRÖMBERG 36 - Target-Specific Outgrowth from Grafted Dopaminergic Neurons , Pages 567-579 , INGRID STRöMBERG, MARIA JOHANSSON, ERIK SUNDSTRÖM, PER ALMQVIST, MARC BYGDEMAN, BARRY HOFFER, JOHN HUDSON, PAULA BICKFORD 37 - The Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Future Opportunities , Pages 581-594 , THOMAS N. CHASE, M. MARAL MOURADIAN 38 - Signal Transduction Mechanisms on Striatal Dopaminergic Neurons: Importance in Neurotrophism and Neuropathology , Pages 595-608 , ERMINIO COSTA Author Index , Pages 609-610 Subject Index , Pages 611-618 Trophic Regulation of the Basal Ganglia: Focus on Dopamine Neurons examines neurotransmitters. The book first discusses the role of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and ganglioside GM1 and the trophic regulation of the basal ganglia. Biochemical and histochemical studies on the cellular localization of FGF-2; mapping of FGF-2 and its receptors in the basal ganglia postnatally and adulthood; and mapping of the ganglioside GM1 distribution in the basal ganglia are presented. The text also explains glucocorticoid and estrogen effects on the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems; factors associated to dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease; and compensatory mechanisms at dopamine D-2 receptors. The book also describes the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on injured dopaminergic neurons; role of gangliosides and trophic factors in brain repair; and features of the trophic action of polyamines. The text also underscores the presence of interleukin-1 in the central nervous system; neuropeptides synthesis in astrocytes; and astrocytic kynurenines as modulators of dopaminergic function in the rat basal ganglia. The selection is a good source of information for readers wanting to study neurotransmitters.