Tributyltin: Case Study of an Environmental Contaminant (Cambridge Environmental Chemistry Series (No. 8))

This authoritative volume reviews the environmental chemistry and toxicological effects of a marine pollutant of exceptional potency, tributyltin (TBT), and outlines the international response to control TBT. TBT compounds have been widely utilized in marine anti-fouling paint formulations to obtain increased fuel efficiencies and long lifetimes for maritime vessels and structures. However, its extreme toxicity has resulted in numerous adverse biological effects, and its persistence ensures that such problems are likely to continue. A wide variety of disciplines are brought together to illustrate the general principles, pathways and problems involved in identifying and quantifying an environmental toxin, elucidating deleterious biological consequences, and the legal framework that can invoke mitigation via regulation. This text not only has wide appeal for undergraduate courses in environmental science, chemistry and marine ecology, but also forms a valuable sourcebook for environmental planners and serves as a 'successful' case study for undergraduate courses in environmental law, planning and science. Cover......Page 1 Frontmatter......Page 2 Contents......Page 10 Contributors......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 1.1 Introduction......Page 18 1.2 Environmental chemistry......Page 20 1.3 Biological effects......Page 24 1.4 Legislative response......Page 27 1.5 The efficacy of controls......Page 29 1.6 The end of the beginning......Page 30 1.7 References......Page 32 2.1 Organotin compounds......Page 38 2.3 Synthesis of tributyltin compounds......Page 39 2.4 Industrial manufacture of tributyltin compounds......Page 43 2.5 TBT industrial waste and by-product disposal......Page 47 2.6 Industrial development of TBT compounds......Page 48 2.7 The application of tributyltin compounds in wood preservation......Page 49 2.8 The use of tributyltin compounds in anti-fouling coatings......Page 56 2.9 The Organotin Environmental Programme Association......Page 69 2.10 Environmental risk--benefit considerations......Page 71 2.11 References......Page 75 3 - The analysis of butylated tin compounds in the environment and in biological materials......Page 79 3.1 Sampling and storage......Page 80 3.2 Analytical methods......Page 82 3.3 Quality control and evaluation of the method's performance......Page 92 3.4 Conclusions......Page 101 3.5 References......Page 103 4.2 Sources and environmental occurrence......Page 111 4.3 Persistence and fate......Page 126 4.4 General toxicity summary......Page 128 4.5 Toxicity of butyltin species to fresh water organisms......Page 133 4.6 Assessment of the toxicity of concentrations of butyltin species in fresh water environments......Page 144 4.7 Research recommendations......Page 146 4.8 References......Page 147 5.1 Introduction......Page 156 5.3 Tributyltin concentrations in marine waters......Page 157 5.4 Tributyltin in the surface microlayer......Page 160 5.5 Degradation processes of dissolved TBT......Page 164 5.6 Sediment/water partitioning......Page 168 5.7 Tributyltin concentrations in estuarine and marine sediments......Page 174 5.8 Degradation processes of TBT in estuarine sediments......Page 175 5.9 Conclusions......Page 178 5.10 References......Page 179 6.1 Bioaccumulation and metabolism......Page 184 6.2 Contamination levels......Page 191 6.3 Biological effects......Page 193 6.4 Conclusions......Page 219 6.5 References......Page 221 7.1 Introduction......Page 228 7.2 The imposex scenario as exemplified by Nucella lapillus......Page 231 7.3 Characterization of imposex intensity......Page 233 7.4 Mechanisms of sterilization......Page 236 7.5 Bioaccumulation of TBT and the mechanism/specificity of its effect......Page 237 7.6 Recovery from imposex following amelioration of TBT pollution......Page 240 7.7 Genetic aspects of imposex......Page 246 7.8 Summary......Page 248 7.9 References......Page 249 8.1 Introduction......Page 253 8.2 The International Maritime Organisation......Page 258 8.3 Regulation of TBT......Page 261 8.4 Regulation of TBT in New Zealand......Page 265 8.5 Conclusions......Page 275 8.6 Bibliography......Page 278 9.1 Introduction......Page 280 9.2 Legislative history......Page 281 9.3 Efficacy of organotin legislation and recovery of the marine environment......Page 284 9.4 Factors which may limit or hinder recovery......Page 300 9.5 Overview of other toxic organotin compounds......Page 304 9.6 Hazards of non-organotin-based antifoulants......Page 305 9.8 References......Page 308 Index......Page 314 The tributyltin debate: ocean transportation versus seafood harvesting / Stephen J. de Mora Industrial manufacture and applications of tributyltin compounds / R. F. Bennett The analysis of butylated tin compounds in the environment and in biological materials / Ph. Quevauviller The occurrence, fate, and toxicity of tributyltin and its degradation products in fresh water environments / R. James Maguire The distribution and fate of tributyltin in the marine environment / Graeme Batley Biological effects of tributyltin on marine organisms / Claude Alzieu TBT-induced imposex in neogastropod snails: masculinization to mass extinction / Peter E. Gibbs and Geoffrey W. Bryan Environmental law and tributyltin in the environment / Klaus Bosselmann The efficacy of legislation in controlling tributyltin in the marine environment / Carol Stewart.