Tribute and Trade: China and Global Modernity, 17841935 (China and the West in the Modern World)

In the 18th and 19th centuries, relations between China and the West were defined by the Qing dynasty's strict restrictions on foreign access and by the West's imperial ambitions. Cultural, political and economic interactions were often fraught, with suspicion and misunderstanding on both sides. Yet trade flourished and there were instances of cultural exchange and friendship, running counter to the official narrative. Tribute and Trade: China and Global Modernity explores encounters between China and the West during this period and beyond, into the early 20th century, through examples drawn from art, literature, science, politics, music, cooking, clothing and more. How did China and the West see each other, how did they influence each other, and what were the lasting legacies of this contact? Tribute and Trade Tribute and Trade Contents Figures Introduction: China and the West in the Long Eighteenth Century The Idea of China in the West China and the West in the Modern Era The Macartney Mission After Macartney The Opium Wars and Beyond The Essays ‘That full complement of riches’: China and the Problems of Political Economy in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations Domingo Navarette in China Adam Smith on China Anson in Canton, Smith Imagines Canton Economy and Abstraction Cultural Cross-Dressing in the House of Pankeequa William Hickey The Canton System Pankeequa James Wathen Bryan Parrot Tilden Thomas Manning and John Bell The Lady Hughes Affair, Extraterritoriality, and the Limits of Liberalism The Lady Hughes Affair and Divergences in Legal Practice 1. Intention 2. The life-for-life principle 3. Collective responsibility ‘Queen’s Foreign Jurisdiction’ and the Contradiction of Sovereignty3131 Francis Piggott makes a distinction between ‘exterritoriality’ and ‘extraterritoriality’, by suggesting that the former is ‘the privilege of Ambassadors and their suites’ and the latter is ‘the Treaty privileges under which Consular jurisdiction has been established in the East’. He further explains thus: ‘The two privileges rest on different grounds; the one is granted by courtesy, the other by Treaty: they differ in degree; the one being almost complete and uniform, while the other is partial and varies in different Oriental States: they differ too in the resulting relations to the home Government, and the manner in which laws may be passed affecting those who enjoy the privileges. But they have this fundamental fact in common; the ordinary consequences of residence in a foreign country do not attach, jurisdiction being waived, in great or less degree, by the Sovereign Authority of that country.‘But the government of subjects who enjoy exterritorial privileges must be by means of laws which are an exception to the general rule that laws are territorial in their application: these laws must have an extra-territorial force.’See Francis Taylor Piggott, Exterritoriality. The law relating to consular jurisdiction and to residence in Oriental countries (Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1907), note 3. Justification and Legitimacy: The Limits of Liberalism Coda Once Upon a Time in 1784: American Mercantile Biographies and the Romance of Free Trade Imperialism American Biography and the Spirit of Columbus The Life of Major Samuel Shaw and Spirit of 1784 Thomas H. Perkins and the Mercantile Biography Free Trade and the Opium Question in American Biography ‘What stories I shall have to tell!’: Mediating China in the Writings of Charles Lamb and Thomas Manning Global Contacts of Canton in the Qing Dynasty: A Discussion of Export Painting Canton Export Paintings and Their Creation During the Qing Dynasty Europe’s Chinese Taste in the Eighteenth Century: Portrait of Mrs and Miss Revell in a Chinese Interior King George III’s View of Canton The Memory of Western Countries’ Voyage: Scenery of the Port The Earliest Western-style Painting of the Human Body: La Grande Odalisque Forms of Port Culture: Canton Export Painters Facing the World ‘A desperate traffic’: John Francis Davis, China, the Opium Trade and First Opium War Davis and Opium Walter Scott’s Writing, Collecting and Reading China Sino–British Relationship During the Romantic Period Scott’s Writings on China Scott’s Collection of Chinese Objects Scott’s Collection of China-related Books and His Reading of Periodicals Thomas Percy, Hao Kiou Choaan, or The Pleasing History (1761) Joshua Marshman, The Works of Confucius; Containing the Original Text, With a Translation (1809); Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language (1809) John Leyden, Dissertation on the Language and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations (1808) Basil Hall, Voyage to Loo-Choo, and Other Places in the Eastern Seas, in the Year 1816 (1826) Henry Ellis, Journal of the Proceedings of the Late Embassy to China (1817) John Francis Davis, Lau-Seng-Urh, or An Heir in His Old Age: A Chinese Drama (1817); Chinese Novels (1822); The Fortunate Union (1829) Conclusion Acknowledgements ‘Sheer Memory’: The Victorian Idea of Confucian Education Beyond Memory: A Liberal Education Expanding Democracy: A Public Examination System The Life and Death and Life of Augustus Raymond Margary Part One: Life Part Two: Death Part Three: (After) Life Linguistic Nationalism and Its Discontents: Chinese Latinisation and Its Practice of Equality Latinisation and Its Communisation of Writing Latinisation and its Living Written Grammar Lu Xun’s ‘Diary of a Madman’ and Its Latinised Translation Coda: Linguistic Nationalism and its Discontents Acknowledgements About the Contributors Index