Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450)

In Transylvania In The Second Half Of The Thirteenth Century Tudor Salagean Describes The Deep Transformations Of A Country That Was The Scene Of A Fierce Resistance Against The Great Mongol Invasion Of 1241-1242. In The Second Half Of The Thirteenth Century, With The Rise Of The Provincial Nobility, Transylvania Redefines Its Internal Political System, Which Reached Its Maturity During The Rule Of Ladislas Kan (1294-1315). The Appearance Of A Complex Congregational System, Also Achieved In This Period, Is Connected With The Assertion Of Regnum Transilvanum, Which Represents A Historical Link Between The Early Medieval Regnum Erdewel Of Duke Gyula And The Regnum Transsilvaniensis Of The Union Of 1459, Announcing The Rise Of The Early Modern Principality Of Transylvania--back Cover. The Mongol Invasion And Its Aftermath -- From The Mongol Retreat To The Transylvanian Duchy (1243-1257) -- The Duchy Of Transylvania -- Political Crisis In The First Years Of Ladislas The Cuman's Reign : Attempts To Restore The Duchy Of Transylvania -- Regnum Transilvanum : The Rise Of The Congregational Regime -- Ladislas Kán (1294-1315) : The Transylvanian Nobles And The Congregational Regime -- Charles Robert And Transylvania -- Conclusions -- Annexes: 1. General Congregations And Noble Congregations Of Transylvania (1288-1322) ; 2. Dukes Of Transylvania ; 3. Voivodes And Vicevoivodes Of Transylvania ; 4. Counts Of The Transylvanian Counties ; 5. Counts Of The Szeklers ; 6. Bishops Of Transylvania ; 7. Provosts Of The Chapter Of Transylvanian Church ; 8. Archdeans Of The Transylvanian Church ; 9. Provosts Of Sibiu. By Tudor Sălăgean. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 258-273) And Index. Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System 4 Contents 6 List of Maps 8 Introduction 10 1 The Mongol Invasion and Its Aftermath 13 1.1 Prerequisites 13 1.2 The Organization of Transylvania’s Defense 25 1.3 The Campaign 34 1.4 The Tartar Retreat: The Second Devastation of Transylvania 39 1.5 The Aftermath of the Invasion 43 1.5.1 Immediate Consequences 43 1.5.1.1 Starvation, Depopulation, and Destruction 43 1.5.1.2 Migration 46 1.5.1.3 Banditry and Insecurity. Institutional Crisis 47 1.5.2 Long-term Consequences 48 2 From the Mongol Retreat to the Transylvanian Duchy (1243–1257) 58 2.1 Transylvania and the Council of Lyon 58 2.1.1 The Council of Lyon. Defining the Response of Christianity to the Mongol Problem 58 2.1.2 Consequences for Transylvania 61 2.2 The Years of Recovery (1243–1248) 62 2.2.1 Reestablishing Royal Authority in the Regions East of the Danube 62 2.2.2 Paul Geregye’s Transylvanian Mission 62 2.2.3 Transylvania: the voivode Lawrence (c. 1242–c. 1252) 65 2.3 The Decade with No History (1248–1257) 67 2.3.1 The Mongol Threat of 1247–1248 and the New Defensive Strategies of King Bela 67 2.3.2 Consequences on Transylvania 70 3 The Duchy of Transylvania 72 3.1 Reinstating the Duchy of Transylvania 72 3.2 The Banate of Transylvania (1258–1261) 77 3.3 Civil Wars 80 3.3.1 Origins of the Conflict 81 3.3.2 Relations with the Golden Horde 83 3.3.3 The First Civil War (1262) 83 3.3.4 The Peace Treaty of Bratislava 85 3.3.5 Armed Peace (1263–1264) 86 3.3.6 The Second Civil War (1264–1266) 89 3.3.7 The Treaty of 1266 98 3.4 Political and Social Change 99 3.4.1 Duke Stephen and Transylvania 99 3.4.2 Royal Court 101 3.4.4 The voivodes of Transylvania 105 3.4.5 Administrative Reforms and Social Consequences 107 3.4.6 External Policy 113 3.4.7 The Crowning of Stephen V 115 4 Political Crisis in the First Years of Ladislas the Cuman’s Reign: Attempts to Restore the Duchy of Transylvania 117 4.1 The Voivode Nicholas Geregye (1272–1274) 117 4.2 Transylvania under the Rule of the Csák Kindred (1274–1277) 121 4.3 The Saxon Rebellion (1277–1279) 128 4.4 The Aristocratic Triumvirate of 1278: The Domination of the Aba Kindred in Transylvania (1279–1282) 133 5 Regnum Transilvanum: The Rise of the Congregational Regime 139 5.1 The Voivode Roland Borsa 139 5.2 The Mongol Invasion of 1285 144 5.3 Ladislas the Cuman and Transylvania 147 5.4 The Rise of the Congregational Regime 152 5.5 Ladislas IV and the Romanians of Transylvania 157 5.6 The End of Ladislas IV’s Reign 160 5.7 The “Constitutional” Reform of King Andrew III 162 5.8 The End of Roland Borsa’s Rule (1294) 165 5.9 Regnum Transylvanum 166 6 Ladislas Kán (1294–1315): The Transylvanian Nobles and the Congregational Regime 175 6.1 The Beginnings of Ladislas Kán’s Power 175 6.1.1 The Origins of the Kán Influence in Transylvania1 175 6.1.2 Voivodeship and Bishopric in the Last Years of Andrew III (1294–1301) 179 6.2 A Nearly Sovereign Transylvania (1301–1310) 184 6.2.1 Assuming Royal Prerogatives 184 6.2.2 Voivodal Administration 186 6.2.3 Solving the Conflict with the Bishopric 189 6.2.4 Vice-voivode 191 6.2.5 Ladislas Kán’s Territorial Expansion 193 6.3 The Major Coordinates of Kan’s Internal Policy 194 6.3.1 Nobility and Noble Congregation 195 6.3.2 The Saxons 198 6.3.3 Székelys 203 6.3.4 Romanians 204 6.4 External Policy: Transylvania’s Involvement in the Competition for the Hungarian Crown 211 6.4.1 External Policy 211 6.4.2 Peter Monoszló, Ladislas Kán and Charles Robert of Anjou’s Candidature 212 6.4.3 Otto of Wittelsbach’s Candidature to the Crown of Hungary 216 6.4.4 Ladislas Kán and Albert of Habsburg. Otto of Wittelsbach’s Captivity 218 6.4.5 The Alliance with Serbia. Charles of Valois’ Political Projects 220 6.5 The Compromise of 1310 and Its Consequences 223 6.5.1 Prerequisites of a Compromise 223 6.5.2 Excommunication 230 6.5.3 The Compromise 231 6.5.4 The Regime of Compromise 235 6.5.5 The Personality of Ladislas Kán 236 7 Charles Robert and Transylvania 238 7.1 Civil War (1316–1322) 238 7.1.1 Strategic Preparations. The Voivodate of Nicholas Meggyesi (1315–1316) 238 7.1.2 The Rebellion 240 7.1.3 The War 241 7.1.4 Deceptive Peace 243 7.2 The Political Regime of the Restoration 246 Conclusions 253 Annexes 258 1 General Congregations and Noble Congregations of Transylvania (1288–1322) 258 2 Dukes of Transylvania 260 3 Voivodes and vicevoivodes of Transylvania 260 4 Counts of the Transylvanian counties 261 5 Counts of the Szeklers 263 6 Bishops of Transylvania 264 7 Provosts of the Chapter of Transylvanian Church 264 8 Archdeans of the Transylvanian Church 265 9 Provosts of Sibiu 266 Bibliography 267 Primary Sources 267 a Documentary Sources 267 b Narrative Sources 269 Secondary Works 270 Index 283