Transportation, Water and Environmental Geotechnics: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020 Volume 4 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Book 159)

This book comprises select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020 (IGC2020) focusing on emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of transportation geotechnics, scour and erosion, offshore geotechnics, and environmental geotechnology. The contents will be useful to researchers, educators, practitioners and policy makers alike. Contents About the Editors Strategies and Learnings in Execution of Filter Works with Manufactured Sand in an Earth and Rockfill Dam 1 Introduction 2 Earth and Rockfill Dam 3 Manufactured Sand (M-sand) as a Filter Material 3.1 Identification of Quartzite Quarry 3.2 Investigation Programme 3.3 Assessment of Suitability of Quarry Material 4 Execution Methodology 4.1 Temporary Storage 4.2 Placement During Filling 4.3 Compaction 4.4 Protection 5 Challenges During Execution of Filter Works with Manufactured Sand (M-sand) 5.1 Challenges During Quarry Exploitation 5.2 Challenges During Crushing and Screening 5.3 Challenges in Controlling Fines During Crushing 5.4 Challenges in Controlling the Clay Fines 5.5 Challenges in Controlling the Heterogeneity in the Material 5.6 Challenges in Foundation Preparation 5.7 Challenges in Using Alternative Material (Limestone) Above Phreatic Line 5.8 Challenges During Monsoon 5.9 Challenges in Protection of Filter from Crossing Road Over the Filters 6 Conclusion References Performance of an Electromagnetic Sensor for Field Monitoring of Volumetric Water Content in Water-Absorbing Polymer Amended Soil 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Experimental Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Compressive Strength of High Plastic Clay Stabilized with Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer and Its Synthesis Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Collected Soil 2.2 Fly Ash 2.3 Preparation of Liquid Activator (L) 2.4 Specimen Preparation 2.5 Statistical Analysis 3 Result and Discussions 3.1 Curing Period 3.2 Curing Temperature 3.3 Effect of Si/Al and Na/Al Ratios 3.4 Statistical Analysis 4 Conclusions References Geotechnical Characteristics of Thermal Powertech Fly Ash from Krishnapatnam, Nellore 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Physical and Index Properties of TPFA 4.2 Engineering Characteristics of TPFA with and without Admixtures 4.3 Effect of Lime and Polyester Fibers on OMC and MDD of TPFA 4.4 Effect of Lime and Polyester Fibers on Friction Angle of TPFA 4.5 Effect of Lime and Polyester Fibers on CBR of TPFA 5 Conclusions References Treatment of Akkulam Dredged Material with Lime 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 2 Methodology and Material Used 2.1 Dredged Material 2.2 Addition of Lime 2.3 Preparation of Column Leachate Test 2.4 Software Simulation 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Heavy Metal Levels 3.2 Influence of Lime with pH 3.3 Compaction and Strength Properties 3.4 HM Concentration in Collected Effluent 3.5 Immobilization Efficiency 4 Beneficial Use in Pavement 4.1 CBR Values 4.2 Concentration Contours 5 Conclusion References Study on the Characteristics of Overburden Dump of the Coal Mines 1 Introduction 2 Site Details 2.1 Location 2.2 Establishment of Stations in Study Area 2.3 Geology of the Area 2.4 Description of Material 2.5 Details of OB Material 2.6 Testing on OB Sample 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effectiveness of Bioremediation Technique on Oil Contaminated Marine Soil 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Sampling Sites and Procedure 2.2 Bacteria and Nutrients 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Preliminary Test Results 3.2 FTIR Analysis of Soil Samples 4 Conclusions References Microbially Treated Lateritic Soil as a Landfill Liner Material 1 Introduction 1.1 Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation 2 Materials 2.1 Lateritic Soil 2.2 Microorganism 2.3 Cementation Reagent 3 Methodology 3.1 Preparation of Bacterial Solution 3.2 MICP Treatment on Soil and Testing of Treated Soil Samples 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Determination of Best Method of Execution of MICP in Lateritic Soil 4.2 Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity with Concentration of Bacterial Solution 5 Conclusions References Decontamination of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils by Phytoremediation: Pot Experimentation 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methodology 2.1 Soil Properties 2.2 Selected Plant Species 2.3 Soil Spiking Procedure 2.4 Pot Setup and Monitoring 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Germination 3.2 Percentage Survival of Plant Species 3.3 Mean Heights of the Plant Species 3.4 Heavy Metal Concentration After 28 Days of Duration 4 Conclusions References Effect of High Suction Measurement Technique on the SWCC of Expansive Soil 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 SWCC of Expansive Soil Obtained Using WP4 3.2 SWCC of Expansive Soil Obtained Using RH Sensor 3.3 Comparison of WP4 and RH Sensor Method 3.4 SWCC Parameterization 4 Conclusions References Strength Characterization of Stabilized Class ‘F’ Flyash Using Class ‘C’ Flyash 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compaction Tests 3.2 Maximum Dry Density 3.3 Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) 3.4 Compression Strength (UCC) Characteristics of Flyash Mixes 3.5 Effect of Curing Period on UCC Strength 3.6 CBR Characteristics of Flyash Mixes 4 Conclusions References Reuse of Dredge Material as a Liner in Landfills 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effect of Synthetic Leachate on Volume Change Behavior of Compacted Clay Liners 1 Introduction 2 Background Review 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Expansive Soil 3.2 Leachate Sampling and Analysis 3.3 Preparation of Synthetic Leachate 3.4 Free Swell Tests 3.5 Swell Potential Tests 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Effects of Leachate Dilution on Free Swell Index 4.2 Effects of Inundation Fluids on Swell Potential 5 Conclusions References Environmental Geotechnical Issues in River Interlinking Proposal 1 Introduction 1.1 Major River Basins in India 2 Technical Approach for Execution of Interlinking of Rivers 3 Environmental Issues and Challenges 3.1 Environmental Features 3.2 Geotechnical Approaches in the Execution Works 4 Conclusion References Use of Dynamic Compaction for Densifying MSW Landfills 1 Introduction 2 Mesh Details and Methodology Adopted 3 Constitutive Law and Material Properties 4 Parametric Studies 5 Validation of Predicted Results with Field Case Studies 6 Efficacy of DC in Vertical Landfill Expansion 7 Conclusions References Mechanical Stabilization of Subgrade Using Sand–Cement Mixture 1 Introduction 2 Black Cotton Soil Characterization 3 Properties of Sand–Cement 4 Stabilization Scheme and Results 5 Conclusions References Effect of Stabilization on Geomechanical Properties of Pond Ash for Pavement Subbase Application 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mix Proportions 2.3 Test Conducted 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 3.2 Resilient Modulus (MR) 3.3 Modeling Studies of MR 4 Conclusions References Use of Geofoam for Road Construction over Very Soft Clay 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Foundation Soil Preparation 2.2 Traditional Embankment Model 2.3 Geofoam Embankment Model 3 Numerical Modelling 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Validation 4.2 Parametric Studies 5 Conclusions References Development and Study on the Properties of Eco-Friendly Coir Latex Composites 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Coir Fibre 2.2 Prevulcanised Latex 3 Methodology 3.1 Development of Coir Latex Composite 3.2 Testing Procedure 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Tensile Strength of Coir Composite 4.2 Trapezoidal Tear Strength of Coir Composite 4.3 Puncture Strength of Coir Composite 5 Conclusions References Flexural and Rutting Behaviour of Subgrade Reinforced with Geocell and Demolition Waste as Infill 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 1.2 Need and Objectives of the Study 2 Materials and Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Static Analysis of Thin Rectangular Plate Resting on Pasternak Foundation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Pasternak Model 2.2 Finite Element Formulation 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Convergence Study and Test the Formulation 3.2 Validation Work 3.3 Parametric Study 4 Conclusions References Significance of GPR Studies in Urban Planning and Road Works—A Case Study from Gujarat, India 1 Introduction 2 Methodology, Data Acquisition and Data Processing 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Design and Construction of Road Embankments in Swampy Area—A Case Study of Uganda in East Africa 1 Introduction 2 Geotechnical Investigation and Subsurface Stratifications 2.1 Location of Ground Water Table (GWT) 2.2 Subsurface Stratifications 3 Design of Embankment in Swamp 3.1 Embankment Fill Material 3.2 Slope Stability Analysis 3.3 Settlement Analysis 3.4 Bearing Capacity Analysis 4 Construction of Embankment in Swamp 5 Quality Control in Construction of Embankment in Swamp 6 Conclusions References Behaviour of Geosynthetic Reinforced Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Bases Under Static Loading 1 Introduction 2 Material Properties 2.1 Geocell and Geotextile 2.2 Subgrade 2.3 Recycled Asphalt Pavement 3 Test Equipment and Set-up 4 Test Section Preparation 5 Test Results and Discussion 5.1 Vertical Stress 5.2 Vertical Stress Distribution Angle 6 Conclusions References Evaluation of Surface Deformation in Geocell-Reinforced and Unreinforced Bases Over Weak Subgrade 1 Introduction 2 Material Properties 2.1 Geocell and Geotextile 2.2 Subgrade 2.3 Base Course 3 Test Section Preparation 4 Instrumentation 5 Test Results and Discussion 5.1 Improvement in Bearing Capacity 6 Conclusions References Experimental Investigation on Stabilization of Silty Sand Using Fly Ash 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experiments 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect on Compaction Characteristics 3.2 Effect of Unconfined Compressive Strength 3.3 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 4 Conclusions References An Experimental Study on the Valorization of Crushed Concrete in Pavement Base and Sub-Base Applications 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Material and Experimental Tests 3.1 Material 3.2 Laboratory Experimental Works 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Establishment of Relationships Between Compaction Parameters and Oxides Composition of Industrial Waste Materials 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Cost Economics of Geocell Reinforced Flexible Pavements on Intermediate Compressible Clayey Subgrades 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of Clay Subgrade 3 Design of Unreinforced Flexible Pavements Over Clay Subgrade (CI) 4 Design of Reinforced Flexible Pavement Over Clay Subgrade 5 Cost Economics 6 Conclusions References Feasibility Study on Dispersivity of Lignosulphonate-Treated Clay Using Pinhole Test 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used for the Study 2.1 Kuttanad Clay 2.2 Bentonite 2.3 Sodium Lignosulphonate 3 Major Tests Conducted 3.1 Bentonite-Clay Mix Preparation and Tests Conducted 3.2 Crumb Test 3.3 Pinhole Test 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Dispersivity of Untreated Kuttanad Clay 4.2 Bentonite-Clay Mix 4.3 Treatment of Bentonite-Clay Mix with Sodium Lignosulphonate 5 Conclusions References Effect of Flood Parameters on Lateritic Slope Erosion 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Lateritic Soil 3 Methodology 3.1 Test Setup 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Velocity of Flood 4.2 Height of Flood 4.3 Duration of Flood 4.4 Regression Analysis 5 Conclusions References Experimental Study on Scour Due to Submerged Vertical Impinging Circular Jet 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Cohesionless Sediment 3.2 Cohesive Sediment 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Temporal Variation of Scour Depth 4.2 Relation for Maximum Static Scour Depth 4.3 ANN Model for Prediction of Maximum Static Scour Depth 5 Maximum Scour Depth (dsmc)-Cohesive Sediments 6 Conclusions References Experimental Study on Soil Piping and Effect of Coir Geotextiles on Piping Resistance of Soils 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Piping Resistance 3.2 Piping Test 4 Result Analysis and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Study of Erodability of Cemented Sand 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Properties of Soil 3.2 Sample Preparation 4 Experimental Investigation 4.1 Pinhole Test 4.2 Unconfined Compressive Test 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Unconfined Compressive Strength 5.2 Pinhole Test Results 6 Conclusions References A Study on the Vertical Pullout Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundation in Sandy and Clayey Soils 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Analysis 2.1 2-D Finite Element Modelling 2.2 Model Verification 2.3 Failure Mode 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Soil Type 3.2 Effect of Drainage Condition 3.3 Effect of Aspect Ratio 3.4 Pullout Capacity Equation 4 Conclusions References Pile Group Effect Analysis of a Group of 12 Conductors in an Offshore Jacket Platform 1 Introduction 2 Soil Condition and Layout of the Conductors 3 Analysis 3.1 Method Used for Assessment of Group Interaction Factors 4 Group Interaction Factors and Comparative Results 5 Conclusions References Load Sharing Mechanism of Piled Raft System Under Vertical and Lateral Loading 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modeling 3 Model Configuration and Loading Sequence 4 Validation of Numerical Analysis 5 Results and Analysis 5.1 Vertical Load–Settlement Response of PRF 5.2 Vertical Load Sharing Ratio (V-LSR) 5.3 Lateral Response of PRF 5.4 Lateral Load Sharing Ratio (L-LSR) 6 Conclusions References Uncertainty in Capacity of Spudcan Foundation from CPT Data 1 Introduction 2 Uncertainties of Undrained Shear Strength 2.1 Determination of Inherent Soil Variability 2.2 Measurement and Transformation Uncertainty 2.3 Estimation of Total Uncertainty 3 Determination of Model Uncertainty 4 Bearing Capacity 5 Conclusions References Seismic Design of Large Offshore Wind Turbine Considering Rocking Vibration 1 Introduction 2 Model Description 2.1 Reference Wind Turbine 2.2 Soil Data 3 Load Calculation 3.1 1P Loading 3.2 3P Loading 3.3 Wave Load 3.4 Wind Load 3.5 Seismic Load 4 Model Parameters 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Validation of Numerical Model 5.2 Effect of Pile Length on Natural Frequency 5.3 Effect of Geometry of Jacket and Pile on OWT Responses 6 Conclusions References Strain Rate Characterization of Soft Clay Using T-Bar 1 Introduction 2 Historical Background 3 Mechanism of T-Bar 3.1 Full-Flow Penetrometer 3.2 Transfer of Soil Parameter by T-bar 4 Dynamically Installed Anchors 5 Database 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions References Liquefaction Assessment of Gulf of Kutch Offshore Soils Using CPTU Data 1 Introduction 2 Seismic History of Kutch Offshore Area 3 Soil Behavior Under Earthquake Loading 3.1 Cyclic Liquefaction of “Sand-Like” Soils 3.2 Cyclic Failure of “Clay-Like” Soils 3.3 Liquefaction in the Marine Environment 3.4 Liquefaction Analysis Using CPTU Data 4 Data Considered for the Study 4.1 Inferences from the Geophysical Survey 4.2 The Geotechnical Investigation 5 Liquefaction of Sands and Cyclic Failure of Clays 5.1 Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR7.5) 5.2 Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR7.5) 6 Observations and Inferences 7 Conclusions and Recommendations References Calibration of CPTU Factor Nkt for Two Recently Explored Areas of Indian Offshore 1 Introduction 2 General Description of the Offshore Areas 3 Definition of Nkt 4 Analysis 4.1 Processing of Directly Measured su Data 4.2 CPTU Processing 4.3 Determination of Nkt Factor 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion and Recommendation References Prediction of Increase in Offshore Pile Shaft Capacity Following Installation Using the Coefficient of Horizontal Consolidation (Ch) 1 Introduction 2 Pile Setup Phenomenon and Existing Methods of Estimation 3 Case Study 3.1 Dynamic Pile Load Testing 3.2 Pile Setup Prediction 4 Conclusions References