Transport and Energy Conversion in the Heliosphere: Lectures Given at the CNRS Summer School on Solar Astrophysics, Oleron, France, 25–29 May 1998 (Lecture Notes in Physics)

Chapter 1 Part I: Straightforward MHD 1 What Is a Plasma? 2.2 Fluxes 2.3 Tensorial .uxes of Vectorial Quantities 2.4 Volumic Rate of Creation 2.5 Conservation Equations 2 Conservation Equations 3 Derivative Following the Motion 4 Mass Conservation Equation 5 Electric Charge Conservation Equation 6 Momentum Conservation Equation 6.1 Matter Momentum Conservation Equation 6.2 Density and Flux of Electromagnetic Momentum 7 Matter Internal Energy Conservation Equation 8 Conservation Equations for More Forms of Energy 8.1 Fluid Internal and Kinetic Energy Conservation Equation 8.2 Internal,Kinetic and Electromagnetic Energy Conservation Equation 8.3 Internal,Kinetic,Gravitational and Electromagnetic Energy Conservation Equation 9 A Provisional Synthesis 10 Subrelativistic Limit 11 Synthesis of Subrelativistic MHD Equations 12 Magnetic Pressure and Tension 13 MHD Self-consistency 14 Equation of Evolution of the Magnetic Field 14.1 Field Evolution 14.2 The Kinematic and Dynamic Dynamo Problems 14.3 The Magnetic Reynolds Number and the Perfect MHD Limit 15 The Flux and Field Freezing Theorems 15.1 Proof of Perfect MHD Flux Conservation Following the Motion 15.2 Proof of the Permanence of Magnetic Connection in Perfect MHD Motions 15.3 Consequences and Limits of the Flux Freezing Theorems 15.4 Conservation of Magnetic Helicity in Perfect MHD Motions 15.5 The Concept of Magnetic Reconnection Part II: How Reliable Is MHD? 16 From a Microscopic to a Macroscopic View of a Plasma 17 What a Plasma Really Is 18 What Happens at the Microscopic Level in a Plasma? 19 How to Describe the Dynamics of a Plasma? 20 A Methodic Approach to Kinetic Plasma Theory 20.1 The Large Phase Space and the Large Distribution Function 20.2 Evolution of F and the Liouville Equation 20.3 Reduced Distribution Functions 20.4 BBGKY Hierarchy 20.5 Closure Assumptions and Kinetic Equations for the One-Body Distribution Function 21 Strongly and Weakly Coupled Plasmas 22 Vlassov Dynamics of Collective Plasmas 23 What Is Lost by Neglecting Correlations? 24 Collisional Relaxation Time 25 The Hydrodynamic Limit 26 Transport Processes 26.1 Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Plasma 26.2 Negative Proportionality of Flux to Gradient 26.3 Anisotropic Transport 26.4 Viscosity 27 From Kinetic Theory to Hydrodynamics 28 Couplings Between MHD and Collisionless Phenomena 28.1 Possible Coexistence of Particles in Hydrodynamic and in Collisionless Regimes 28.2 Runaway Electrons and Dreicer Field 28.3 Microinstabilities and Anomalous Transport Phenomena 28.4 Collisionless Shock Waves References Chapter 2 1 Introduction 2 History of Solar Magnetic Reconnection 3 Review of MHD Equations 4 One-Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection 5 2D Magnetic Reconnection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 2D Neutral Points 5.3 Current Sheets 5.4 The Rate of Reconnection 5.5 Steady-State Slow Reconnection:Sweet-Parker 5.6 Steady-State Fast Reconnection:Petschek 5.7 Steady-State Reconnection:Almost-Uniform 5.8 Numerical Experiments 6 3D Magnetic Reconnection 6.1 3D Neutral Points 6.2 3D Kinematic Neutral Point Reconnection 6.3 3D Numerical Experiments 6.4 Reconnection Without Nulls:Quasi-separatrix Layers 7 Summary References Chapter 3 1 Introduction 2 The Structure of the Solar Atmosphere 2.1 General Aspects and Temperature Regimes 2.2 Magnetic Fields and the Structure of the Solar Atmosphere 2.3 Subphotospheric Motions as Drivers of Solar Activity 3 Why an MHDDescription of the Corona? 4 Magnetic Energy Conversion in the Solar Atmosphere 4.1 Magnetic Topology 4.2 Large Scale Magnetic Restructuring:Coronal Mass Ejections 4.3 Magnetic Field Evolution and Energy Dissipation During Flares 4.4 Bright Points 4.5 Coronal Heating 5 Prominences as Tracers of Coronal Magnetic Field Structures 5.1 Main Characteristics 5.2 Results from Magnetic-Field Measurements 5.3 Models for Prominence Support 6 Global Evolution of Twisted Magnetic-Flux Tubes 6.1 Evolution in the Convective Zone 6.2 Emergence at the Photosphere 6.3 Evolution in the Corona 6.4 Ejection in the Interplanetary Space References Chapter 4 1 Introduction 2 Energetics of the Interacting Media 2.1 The Interplanetary Medium at the Earth ’s Orbit 2.2 The Earth ’s Environment: The Upper Atmosphere and the Ionosphere 2.3 The Earth ’s Environment: The Terrestrial MagneticField and the Magnetosphere 3 Fluid Approach of the Solar Wind/Magnetosphere Interaction:The Concept of Closed Magnetosphere 4 The Interactions Between Interplanetary and Planetary Magnetic Fields: The Concept of Convection 5 An Impulsive Reconnection? 6 Conclusions References Chapter 5 1 Introduction 2 The Bounce Averaged Solution of the Linearized Vlasov Equation 3 The Quasi-neutrality Condition 4 Plasma Stability 4.1 Adiabatic Regime 4.2 Stochastic Regime 5 Plasma Transport During the Substorm Growth Phase 5.1 Ampère ’s Law 5.2 Transport of the Plasma 5.3 Self-consistent Parallel Electric Field 6 Conclusion A Solution of the Linearized Amp`ere ’s law B Inversion of the Fourier Transform C Nonlocal Terms D Calculation of the Constant Part ¦_ E Calculation of the Bounce Averaged (´E_y x B)/B^ References Annotation The book contains courses taught to a public of Ph. D. students, post-docs & confirmed researchers in all fields of heliospheric plasma physics. It aims at identifying physical issues which are common to two different fields of astronomy: solar & magnetospheric physics. Emphasis is given to basic processes of transport & conversion of energy: magnetic reconnection is discussed in detail from the viewpoints of MHD & kinetic physics. Processes of charged particle acceleration are reviewed & compared with recent observations. The subject is introduced by a summary of MHD, & the basic structures & parameters of the solar atmosphere, terrestrial ionosphere & magnetosphere are reviewed. The book combines a pedagogic & comprehensive presentation of physical issues & raises fully open questions, with the complementary & sometimes conflicting views of geophysicists & solar physicists. The book's focus, while basic, opens new avenues Introduction to MHD / Jean Heyvaerts Magnetic reconnection : classical aspects / Clare E. Parnell Structuring of the solar plasma by the magnetic field / Pascal Démoulin, Karl-Ludwig Klein Structuring of the magnetospheric plasma by the solar terrestrial interactions / Dominique Fontaine Self-consistent kinetic approach for low-frequency and quasi-static electromagnetic perturbations in magnetic-mirror confined plasmas / René Pellat ... [et al.]. This text aims to identify physical issues which are common to two different fields of astronomy: solar and magnetospheric physics. Emphasis is given to basic processes of transport and conversion of energy, magnetic reconnection is discussed from the viewpoints of MHD and kinetic physics.