Transgender: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues)

This book provides a crucial resource for readers who are investigating trans issues. It takes a diverse and historic approach, focusing on more than one idea or one experience of trans identity or trans history. Transgender: A Reference Handbook is a go-to resource about the transgender experience. The book takes contemporary as well as historic aspects into consideration. It looks at ancient indigenous cultures that honored third, fourth, and fifth gender identities as well as more contemporary ideas of what "transgender" means. Notably, it focuses not only on Western medical ideas of gender affirmation but on cultural diversity surrounding the topic. This book will primarily serve as a reference guide and jumping off point for further research for those seeking information about what it means to be transgender. While a reference book, it contains original work that may be cited in addition to the encyclopedia itself. In particular, the perspectives section of the book includes writings from some of the world's foremost trans writers, activists, artists, and historians. Provides students with outstanding source material and historic material on trans issues Includes writing from some of the most recognized names in trans writing, history, and activism in the world Approaches its subject from a deeply historical background, acknowledging the intersection of identities throughout time Provides resources for further study, including profiles, data and documents, and a chronology of transgender history Cover page Halftitle page Series page Title page Copyright page Contents Preface 1 Background and History Introduction Terminology Sex Gender Other Terms From the Ancients to the 1700s—Recognition of Gender Diversity Gender Diversity and the Imposition of Eurocentric Laws and Religion Problems with Western Terminology: Case in Point, the Hijras of India De-Colonial Recovery Projects Gender Diversity in Spiritual and Religious Practices Ancient Egypt India and Nepal Ancient Judaism Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Sexology The 1890s to the 1940s: Popular Culture The 1950s: Underground Trans Culture Developments from the 1950s to the 1970s Anti-Masquerading Laws and Police Violence May 1959: Cooper’s Do-Nuts—Los Angeles April 1965: Dewey’s Famous—Philadelphia August 1966: Compton’s Cafeteria—San Francisco June 1969: Stonewall Inn—New York The 1970s Transphobia in the LGBTQ2+ Community Trans in Popular Culture Research and Community-Building in the 1970s and 1980s The 1980s: AIDS and the Trans Community The 1990s: The Power of Internet Access The Twenty-First Century: Global Changes 2000 to 2010 2011 to 2018 References 2 Problems, Controversies ,and Solutions Introduction Transgender Terminology Is Gender Identity the Same as Sexual Orientation? Is Trans a Disease or a Natural Variation? Trans as an Innate Condition Treatment Issues Informed Consent Gender Transitions for Children and Youth Fertility and Reproduction Individualized Treatment Pathways Trans, Non-Binary, and Two-Spirit Inclusion in Health Care The Need for Trans-Inclusive Clinics and Hospitals: The Case of Robert Eads (1945–1999) Educational Access for Trans, Non-Binary, and Two-Spirit Students K–12 in the United States Vocational School, College, and University Settings Title IX and Accessibility Possible Solutions for Full Accessibility in School Settings Sports Rules and Access for Trans, Non-Binary, and Two-Spirit People Renée Richards and the United States Tennis Association Caster Semenya and the Problems with Binary Sex Designations LGBT International Powerlifting Championships and MX Categor People in Institutions Legal Issues Trans Rights Are Human Rights Legal Name and Gender Identity Changes Marriage and Family Rights Law Enforcement and Corrections The Middle East, Iran, and Israel References 3 Perspectives Introduction Sixty Years of Transgender Culture and Care in the Netherlands The Fifties: Refuge for American Trans Women Life in the Shadows of Society 1959: First Transgender Surgery out in the Open Dutch Gender Foundation: The Spirit of the Sixties and Seventies Academic Environment: A Crucial Turn Emancipation in the Eighties 1999: Panic around Trans Children Twenty-First-Century Communities Gender Diversity and a New Law A High Tide The Tortuous Path to Creative Liberation An Accidental Activist Transgender and Jewish Parental Research and Advocacy in Canada: One Mother’s Journey Transgender Care Program at Quest Community Health Centre Two-Spirit Conversations and Work: Subtle and at the Same Time Radically Different (In)visible Transgender Bodies: A View from Tamil Nadu, India Pressing for Change: The Foundation Stone of a Gender-Queer Europe A Trans Youth at Catholic School WHO, the ICD, and the Young Children Birth, Death, and Things in Between: Challenges of Aging for Gender Non-Conforming Persons 4 Profiles Introduction Historical Researchers in Sexology Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935) Harry Benjamin (1885–1986) Important Historical Gender-Diverse Individuals Pharaoh Hatshepsut (1508?–1458 BCE) Elagabalus (204–222 CE) Jeanne d’Arc (1412–1431) Catalina/Don Antonio de Erauso (1585–1650) Chevalier/Chevalière d’Éon (1728–1810) We’Wha (1849–1896) James Miranda Barry (1789?–1865) Frances Thompson (1836?–1876) Michael Dillon (1915–1962) Roberta Cowell (1918–2011) Christine Jorgensen (1926–1989) Reed Erickson (1917–1992) Virginia Prince (1912–2009) Doctors and Medical Facilities Focusing on Gender Affirmation Procedures Stanley H. Biber (1923–2006) and Marci Bowers Preecha Tiewtranon Sava Perovic (1947–2010) Christine McGinn Callen-Lorde Catherine White Holman Wellness Centre Native Youth Sexual Health Network Sherbourne Clinic Tangerine Community Health Center Tom Waddell Urban Health Clinic Activists Leslie Feinberg (1949–2014) Georgina Beyer Louis Graydon Sullivan (1951–1991) Lydia Foy Mauro Cabral Grinspan Michelle Suárez Bértora Jamison Green Rupert Raj Jin Xing Attorneys and Judges Kylar William Broadus Dean Spade Shannon Price Minter Phyllis Randolph Frye Kael McKenzie Joyita Mondal Celebrities Chaz Bono Laverne Cox Lana and Lilly Wachowski Jamie Clayton Ian Alexander Artists Robin Hammond Marilyn Roxie Zackary Drucker and Rhys Ernst Yishay Garbasz Sean Dorsey and Shawna Virago Oral History Projects LGBTQ History Digital Collaboratory Transgender Oral History Project To Survive on This Shore Advocacy and Professional Organizations Chair in Transgender Studies Transgender Europe (TGEU) World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Gender Odyssey and Philadelphia Trans Wellness Conferences National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) Trans and Intersex Organizing in Africa Gender DynamiX Transgender Intersex Africa (TIA) Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG) References 5 Data and Documents Introduction Data Demographics Table 5.1. Number of Adults Identifying as Transgender in the United States (2016) Results of the U.S. National Transgender Survey (2015) Figure 5.1. Gender Identities of Survey Respondents, by Age Figure 5.2. Sexual Orientations of Survey Respondents Table 5.2. School Experience in Grades K–12 Table 5.3. Reports of Being Physically Attacked Figure 5.3. Reports of Being Sexually Assaulted Figure 5.4. Unemployment and Poverty Figure 5.5. Involvement in Sex Work Table 5.4. Use of Public Accommodations Figure 5.6. Restroom Experiences Transgender Day of Remembrance Table 5.5 Total Number of Transphobic Murders 2008–2016 in Countries That Provided Data Documents WPATH Standards of Care (2011) WPATH Resolutions and Statements on Needed Social Changes (2010–2017) Incongruence Diagnosis (2018) Laws and Human Rights in Europe (2018) Kavanagh v. Canada (Attorney General) (2001) Correctional Services of Canada’s Interim Policy Bulletin 584: Bill C-16 (Gender Identity or Expression) (December 27, 2017) Transgender People in the Military (2016–2017) 6 Resources Introduction Books Journals Art, Film, Media, and Television Websites Organizations and Outreach 7 Chronology Introduction Glossary Index About the Authors __Transgender: A Reference Handbook__This book will primarily serve as a reference guide and jumping off point for further research for those seeking information about what it means to be transgender. While a reference book, it contains original work that may be cited in addition to the encyclopedia itself. In particular, the perspectives section of the book includes writings from some of the world's foremost trans writers, activists, artists, and historians. This book is a crucial resource for readers who are investigating trans issues. It includes writings from some of the most recognized names in trans writing, history, and activism in the world, and approaches its subject from a deeply historical background, acknowledging the intersection of identities throughout time. Resources for further study, including profiles, data and documents, and a chronology of transgender history are also provided