Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of Stem Cells (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Book 786)

This volume describes the latest findings on transcriptional and translational regulation of stem cells. Both transcriptional activators and repressors have been shown to be crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell state. A key element of stem cell maintenance is repression of differentiation factors or developmental genes – achieved transcriptionally, epigenetically by the Polycomb complex, and post-transcriptionally by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. This volume takes two approaches to this topic – (1) illustrating the general principles outlined above through a series of different stem cell examples – embryonic, iPS and adult stem cells, and (2) describing several molecular families that have been shown to have roles in regulation of multiple stem cell populations. Stem cells are central to the development and homeostasis of metazoan tissues and play roles at multiple times within a diversity of organs during the lifetime of an animal. A key goal of regenerative medicine is the in vivo repair of organs damaged by disease or injury.℗¡ In order to facilitate this goal we need to understand how stem cells are generated, what factors maintain them in their respective tissues and how their differentiation is regulated. In this volume, leading researchers discuss the nature of stem cells and pluripotency and how this state can be experimentally induced.℗¡ Stem cell maintenance, proliferation and differentiation is under tight regulation as excess stem cell proliferation could facilitate tumour formation and conversely loss of stem cells or failure of℗¡ differentiation could disrupt tissue homeostasis or℗¡ repair. Hence, stem cells are regulated by multiple layers of molecular control and this volume discusses transcriptional, translational, epigenetic, cell signalling and microRNA modalities that affect stem cell behaviour. Many of the underlying key principles of stem cell biology were discovered by genetic analysis of invertebrate systems and chapters in this volume describe regulation of the germline in C. elegans and in the digestive system, central nervous system and germline of Drosophila. The molecular processes that regulate regenerative organ systems from all three of the vertebrate germ layers are described with emphasis on the male germline, nervous system, epidermis, intestine, haematopoietic system and derivatives of the mesoderm. Several chapters also focus on molecular families that have been implicated in controlling a range of stem cell types including the JAK-STAT, Wnt and℗¡ Notch signalling pathways; Myc, Myb and nuclear receptor transcriptional regulators; the Musashi family of RNA-binding proteins; microRNAs and epigenetic regulators. This volume will provide access to the current state of research in these rapidly evolving areas of stem cell biology to the student, educator or researcher Front Matter....Pages i-x The Stem Cell State....Pages 1-4 Induction of Pluripotency....Pages 5-25 Front Matter....Pages 27-27 Germline Stem Cells and Their Regulation in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ....Pages 29-46 Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Drosophila Germline Stem Cells and Their Differentiating Progeny....Pages 47-61 Stem Cells in the Drosophila Digestive System....Pages 63-78 Mechanisms of Asymmetric Progenitor Divisions in the Drosophila Central Nervous System....Pages 79-102 Front Matter....Pages 103-103 Transcriptional/Translational Regulation of Mammalian Spermatogenic Stem Cells....Pages 105-128 Transcriptional Regulation and Specification of Neural Stem Cells....Pages 129-155 Transcriptional Control of Epidermal Stem Cells....Pages 157-173 Regulation of Intestinal Stem Cells by Wnt and Notch Signalling....Pages 175-186 Transcriptional Regulation of Haematopoietic Stem Cells....Pages 187-212 Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation....Pages 213-229 Front Matter....Pages 231-231 The Musashi Family of RNA Binding Proteins: Master Regulators of Multiple Stem Cell Populations....Pages 233-245 JAK-STAT Signaling in Stem Cells....Pages 247-267 Myc in Stem Cell Behaviour: Insights from Drosophila ....Pages 269-285 The Role of Nuclear Receptors in Embryonic Stem Cells....Pages 287-306 Epigenetic Regulation of Stem Cells....Pages 307-328 Regulation of Stem Cell Populations by microRNAs....Pages 329-351 Myb and the Regulation of Stem Cells in the Intestine and Brain: A Tale of Two Niches....Pages 353-368 Back Matter....Pages 369-371