Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Proceedings of the 2nd International Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (t: DCS) Symposium

The interaction of human brain function with artificially induced intrinsic brain electricity has been the central topic of this symposium. Short electric currents in the brain can be induced pain free by pulsed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). With TMS applied in a repetitive mode (rTMS) succeeding pulses interact and may induce outlasting excitability alterations. At the other end of the spectrum transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can directly modulate membrane polarisation and firing rates of cortical neurons. This symposium updates the knowledge of brain function gained by TMS and tDCS since the introduction of TMS in 1985. It represents a follow-up meeting of a first symposium held in Gttingen in 1998 and expands to recently developed areas of neuroimaging, neuropsychology and neural plasticity research using these techniques. TMS now has a definite place in neurological diagnostics in order to quantify alterations of conduction velocity or axonal loss of the pyramidal tract. More selective stimulation techniques in terms of coil design and pulse shape are currently developed. tDCS has regained interest in recent years after it could be shown that it definitely modulates cortical excitability. rTMS and tDCS after-effects can be shaped with concurrent drug applications. Several paired stimulation techniques allow obtaining after-effects of 24 hours and longer. In addition, electric stimulation of the brain may be used as a therapeutic tool in neuropsychiatric diseases. Convincing areas of therapeutic applications of electric stimulation are deep brain stimulations for Parkinson's disease or dystonia. Non-invasive stimulation techniques would avoid invasive surgery and are approached in future as experimental therapeutic research. So far progress has been made in using rTMS in the treatment of depression, whereas the use of rTMS in other diseases like epilepsy is still experimental. Technical innovations are a prerequisite for the biological progress of this field. Interactive discussions of techniques, their application and objectives are expected in order to move forward this research. Content: Edited By Page iii Copyright Page iv Welcome Address Pages v-vi Preface Pages vii-x Walter Paulus, Mark Hallett, Michael A. Nitsche, John C. Rothwell, Frithjof Tergau, Ulf Ziemann List of Contributors Pages xi-xix Chapter 1 Background physics for magnetic stimulation Original Research Article Pages 3-12 Jarmo Ruohonen Chapter 2 TMS and threshold hunting Original Research Article Pages 13-23 Friedemann Awiszus Chapter 3 The triple stimulation technique to study corticospinal conduction Original Research Article Pages 24-32 M.R. Magistris, K.M. Rösler Chapter 4 Pulse configuration and rTMS efficacy: a review of clinical studies Original Research Article Pages 33-41 Martin Sommer, Walter Paulus Chapter 5 Interleaving fMRI and rTMS Original Research Article Pages 42-54 D.E. Bohning, S. Denslow, P.A. Bohning, M.P. Lomarev, M.S. George Chapter 6 Is functional magnetic resonance imaging capable of mapping transcranial magnetic cortex stimulation? Original Research Article Pages 55-62 Sven Bestmann, Jürgen Baudewig, Hartwig R. Siebner, John C. Rothwell, Jens Frahm Chapter 7 Applications of combined TMS-PET studies in clinical and basic research Original Research Article Pages 63-72 Hartwig Roman Siebner, Martin Peller, Lucy Lee Chapter 8 A coil for magnetic stimulation of the macaque monkey brain Original Research Article Pages 75-80 Yukio Nonaka, Takuya Hayashi, Takashi Ohnishi, Shingo Okabe, Noboru Teramoto, Shoogo Ueno, Hiroshi Watabe, Hiroshi Matsuda, Hidehiro Iida, Yoshikazu Ugawa Chapter 9 Neurophysiological characterization of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) in non-human primates Original Research Article Pages 81-99 Sarah H. Lisanby, Tammy Moscrip, Oscar Morales, Bruce Luber, Charles Schroeder, Harold A. Sackeim Chapter 10 rTMS as treatment strategy in psychiatric disorders – neurobiological concepts Original Research Article Pages 100-116 Martin E. Keck Chapter 11 Motor cortical and other cortical interneuronal networks that generate very high frequency waves Original Research Article Pages 119-142 Vahe E. Amassian, Mark Stewart Chapter 12 Generation of I waves in the human: spinal recordings Original Research Article Pages 143-152 V. Di Lazzaro, A. Oliviero, P. Mazzone, F. Pilato, E. Saturno, M. Dileone, P.A. Tonali Chapter 13 Surround inhibition Original Research Article Pages 153-159 Mark Hallett Chapter 14 Functional connectivity of the human premotor and motor cortex explored with TMS Original Research Article Pages 160-169 T. Bäumer, J.C. Rothwell, A. Münchau Chapter 15 Inhibitory control of acquired motor programs in the human brain Original Research Article Pages 170-174 Christian Gerloff, Friedhelm Hummel Chapter 16 Motor control in mirror movements: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation Original Research Article Pages 175-180 M. Cincotta, A. Borgheresi, A. Ragazzonia, P. Vannia, F. Balestrieri, F. Benvenuti, G. Zaccara, U. Ziemann Chapter 17 Impact of interhemispheric inhibition on excitability of the non-lesioned motor cortex after acute stroke Original Research Article Pages 181-186 Ludwig Niehaus, Malek Bajbouj, Bernd-Ulrich Meyer Chapter 18 Disruption of the neural correlates of working memory using high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a negative study Original Research Article Pages 187-197 Eva A. Feredoes, Perminder S. Sachdev, Wei Wen Chapter 19 Motor and phosphene thresholds: consequences of cortical anisotropy Original Research Article Pages 198-203 Thomas Kammer, Sandra Beck, Klaas Puls, Claire Roether, Axel Thielscher Chapter 20 The organisation and re-organisation of human swallowing motor cortex Original Research Article Pages 204-210 Shaheen Hamdy Chapter 21 Exploring paradoxical functional facilitation with TMS Original Research Article Pages 211-219 Hugo Théoret, Masahito Kobayashi, Antoni Valero-Cabré, Alvaro Pascual-Leone Chapter 22 Repetitive magnetic and functional electrical stimulation reduce spastic tone increase in patients with spinal cord injury Original Research Article Pages 220-225 Phillip Krause, Andreas Straube Chapter 23 Pharmacology of TMS Original Research Article Pages 226-231 Ulf Ziemann Chapter 24 Bihemispheric plasticity after acute hand deafferentation Original Research Article Pages 232-241 Konrad J. Werhahn, Jennifer Mortensen, Robert W. Van Boven, Leonardo G. Cohen Chapter 25 Modulation of use-dependent plasticity by D-amphetamine Original Research Article Pages 242-245 Cathrin M. Bütefisch Chapter 26 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) Original Research Article Pages 249-254 W. Paulus Chapter 27 Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation – technical, safety and functional aspects Original Research Article Pages 255-276 Michael A. Nitsche, David Liebetanz, Andrea Antal, Nicolas Lang, Frithjof Tergau, Walter Paulus Chapter 28 Modulation of motor consolidation by external DC stimulation Original Research Article Pages 277-281 Nicolas Lang, Michael A. Nitsche, Martin Sommer, Frithjof Tergau, Walter Paulus Chapter 29 Pharmacology of transcranial direct current stimulation: missing effect of riluzole Original Research Article Pages 282-287 D. Liebetanz, M.A. Nitsche, W. Paulus Chapter 30 Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation of the visual cortex Original Research Article Pages 291-304 Andrea Antal, Michael A. Nitsche, Walter Paulus Chapter 31 Neural correlates of phosphene perception Original Research Article Pages 305-311 Ingo G. Meister, Juergen Weidemann, Nina Dambeck, Henrik Foltys, Roland Sparing, Timo Krings, Armin Thron, Babak Boroojerdi Chapter 32 The causal role of the prefrontal cortex in episodic memory as demonstrated with rTMS Original Research Article Pages 312-320 C. Miniussi, S.F. Cappa, M. Sandrini, P.M. Rossini, S. Rossi Chapter 33 The parietal cortex in visual search: a visuomotor hypothesis Original Research Article Pages 321-330 Amanda Ellison, Matthew Rushworth, Vincent Walsh Chapter 34 Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on slow cortical potentials (SCP) Original Research Article Pages 331-337 Ahmed A. Karim, Thomas Kammer, Martin Lotze, Thilo Hinterberger, Ben Godde, Leonardo Cohen, Niels Birbaumer Chapter 35 Transcranial magnetic stimulation in brainstem lesions and lesions of the cranial nerves Original Research Article Pages 341-357 Peter P. Urban Chapter 36 Modulation of sensorimotor performances and cognition abilities induced by RPMS: clinical and experimental investigations Original Research Article Pages 358-367 Albrecht Struppler, Bernhard Angerer, Peter Havel Chapter 37 TMS in stroke Original Research Article Pages 368-380 Joachim Liepert Chapter 38 Cortical silent period is shortened in restless legs syndrome independently from circadian rhythm Original Research Article Pages 381-389 K. Stiasny-Kolster, H. Haeske, F. Tergau, H.-H. Müller, H.-J. Braune, W.H. Oertel Chapter 39 Repetitive magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain conditions Original Research Article Pages 390-393 Jens D. Rollnik, Jan Däuper, Stefanie Wüstefeld, Shirin Mansouri, Mathias Karst, Matthias Fink, Andon Kossev, Reinhard Dengler Chapter 40 Fluctuations of motor cortex excitability in pain syndromes Original Research Article Pages 394-399 Peter Schwenkreis, Christoph Maier, Martin Tegenthoff Chapter 41 Can epilepsies be improved by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? - interim analysis of a controlled study Original Research Article Pages 400-405 Frithjof Tergau, Daniela Neumann, Felix Rosenow, Michael A. Nitsche, Walter Paulus, Bernhard Steinhoff Chapter 42 Prefrontal cortex stimulation as antidepressant treatment: mode of action and clinical effectiveness of rTMS Original Research Article Pages 406-432 Frank Padberg, Barbara Goldstein-Müller, Peter Zwanzger, Hans-Jürgen Möller Chapter 43 Motorcortical excitability after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive disorder Original Research Article Pages 433-440 Malek Bajbouj, Jurgen Gallinat, Undine E. Lang, Peter Neu, Ludwig Niehaus Chapter 44 Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation and the cerebellum Original Research Article Pages 441-445 K. Wessel Subject Index Pages 447-452

The interaction of human brain function with artificially induced intrinsic brain electricity has been the central topic of this symposium. Short electric currents in the brain can be induced pain free by pulsed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). With TMS applied in a repetitive mode (rTMS) succeeding pulses interact and may induce outlasting excitability alterations. At the other end of the spectrum transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can directly modulate membrane polarisation and firing rates of cortical neurons.

This symposium updates the knowledge of brain function gained by TMS and tDCS since the introduction of TMS in 1985. It represents a follow-up meeting of a first symposium held in G�ngen in 1998 and expands to recently developed areas of neuroimaging, neuropsychology and neural plasticity research using these techniques. TMS now has a definite place in neurological diagnostics in order to quantify alterations of conduction velocity or axonal loss of the pyramidal tract. More selective stimulation techniques in terms of coil design and pulse shape are currently developed. tDCS has regained interest in recent years after it could be shown that it definitely modulates cortical excitability. rTMS and tDCS after-effects can be shaped with concurrent drug applications. Several paired stimulation techniques allow obtaining after-effects of 24 hours and longer.

In addition, electric stimulation of the brain may be used as a therapeutic tool in neuropsychiatric diseases. Convincing areas of therapeutic applications of electric stimulation are deep brain stimulations for Parkinson's disease or dystonia. Non-invasive stimulationtechniques would avoid invasive surgery and are approached in future as experimental therapeutic research. So far progress has been made in using rTMS in the treatment of depression, whereas the use of rTMS in other diseases like epilepsy is still experimental. Technical innovations are a prerequisite for the biological progress of this field. Interactive discussions of techniques, their application and objectives are expected in order to move forward this research.