Transboundary Harm in International Law : Lessons From the Trail Smelter Arbitration

The Russian Media Are Widely Seen To Be Increasingly Controlled By The Government. Leaders Buy Up Opposing Television Channels And Pour Money In As Fast As It Hemorrhages Out. As A Result, Tv News Has Become Narrower In Scope And In The Range Of Viewpoints Which It Reflects: Leaders Demand Assimilation And Shut Down Dissenting Stations. Using Original And Extensive Focus Group Research And New Developments In Cognitive Theory, Ellen Mickiewicz Unveils A Profound Mismatch Between The Complacent Assumption Of Russian Leaders That The Country Will Absorb Their Messages, And The Viewers On The Other Side Of The Screen. This Is The First Book To Reveal What The Russian Audience Really Thinks Of Its News And The Mental Strategies They Use To Process It. The Focus On Ordinary People, Rather Than Elites, Makes A Strong Contribution To The Study Of Post-communist Societies And The Individual's Relationship To The Media. An Outcrop Of Hell : History, Environment, And The Politics Of The Trail Smelter Dispute / James R. Allum -- The Trail Smelter Dispute (abridged) / John E. Read -- Of Paradoxes, Precedents, And Progeny : The Trail Smelter Arbitration 65 Years Later / Stephen C. Mccaffrey -- Pollution By Analogy : The Trail Smelter Arbitration (abridged) / Alfred P. Rubin -- Has International Law Outgrown Trail Smelter? / Jaye Ellis -- The Flawed Trail Smelter Procedure : The Wrong Tribunal, The Wrong Parties, And The Wrong Law / John H. Knox -- Rereading Trail Smelter (abridged) / Karin Mickelson -- Trail Smelter And The International Law Commission's Work On State Responsibility For Internationally Wrongful Acts And State Liability / Mark A. Drumbl -- Derivative Versus Direct Liability As A Basis For State Liability For Transboundary Harms / Mark Anderson -- Transboundary Pollution, Unilateralism, And The Limits Of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction : The Second Trail Smelter Dispute / Neil Craik --^ Trail Smelter In Contemporary International Environmental Law : Its Relevance In The Nuclear Energy Context / Günther Handl -- Through The Looking Glass : Sustainable Development And Other Emerging Concepts Of International Environmental Law In The Gabčikovo-nagymaros Case And The Trail Smelter Arbitration / James F. Jacobson -- Trial Smelter's (semi) Precautionary Legacy / Rebecca M. Bratspies -- Surprising Parallels Between Trail Smelter And The Global Climate Change Regime / Russell A. Miller -- Sovereignty's Continuing Importance : Traces Of Trail Smelter In The International Law Governing Hazardous Waste Transport / Austen L. Parrish -- The Legacy Of Trail Smelter In The Field Of Transboundary Air Pollution / Phoebe Okowa -- The Impact Of The Trail Smelter Arbitration On The Law Of The Sea / Stuart B. Kaye -- Trail Smelter And Terrorism : International Mechanisms To Combat Transboundary Harm / Pierre-marie Dupuy And Cristina Hoss --^ The Conundrum Of Corporate Social Responsibility : Reflections On The Changing Nature Of Firms And States / Peer Zumbansen -- A Pyrrhic Victory : Applying The Trail Smelter Principle To State Creation Of Refugees / Jennifer Peavey-joanis -- Transboundary Harm : Internet Torts / Holger P. Hestermeyer -- International Drug Pollution? : Reflections On Trail Smelter And Latin American Drug Trafficking / Judith Wise And Eric L. Jensen -- Application Of International Human Rights Conventions To Transboundary State Acts / Nicola Vennemann -- Convention Between The United States Of America And The Dominion Of Canada Relative To The Establishment Of A Tribunal To Decide Questions Of Indemnity And Future Regime Arising From The Operation Of Smelter At Trail, British Columbia -- Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal Decision, April 16, 1938 -- Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal March 11, 1941. Edited By Rebecca M. Bratspies, Russell A. Miller. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Contributors 13 Acknowledgments 19 Foreword 21 INTRODUCTION Transboundary Harm in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration 27 PERSPECTIVE 27 PART ONE: HISTORY AND LEGACY OF THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 28 PART TWO: TRAIL SMELTER AND CONTEMPORARY TRANSBOUNDARY HARM 30 PART THREE: TRAIL SMELTER AND TRANSBOUNDARY HARM BEYOND THE ENVIRONMENT 33 RÉSUMÉ: TRAIL SMELTER AS MECHANISM FOR CONCEPTUALIZING TRANSBOUNDARY HARM 35 PART ONE The Trail Smelter Arbitration - History, Legacy, and Revival 37 HISTORY 39 1 "An Outcrop of Hell": History, Environment, and the Politics of the Trail Smelter Dispute 39 SMOKE EATERS 39 SMOKE AND MIRRORS 42 SMOKE ZONES 44 THE SMOKING GUN 48 2 The Trail Smelter Dispute [Abridged] 53 ROOTS AND LEGACY 60 3 Of Paradoxes, Precedents, and Progeny: The Trail Smelter Arbitration 65 Years Later 60 PARADOXES 60 PRECEDENT 61 DAMAGE 64 THE RULE 65 THE PROGENY 67 CONCLUSION 71 4 Pollution by Analogy: The Trail Smelter Arbitration [Abridged] 72 THE TRIBUNAL FINDS THE LAW 73 The Question 73 The Answer 73 The Analogy in Theory 76 The “Just” Solution 77 The Results 78 CONCLUSION 80 5 Has International Law Outgrown Trail Smelter? 82 INTRODUCTION 82 BACKGROUND: THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 83 A REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULTIES – STATE RESPONSIBILITY 85 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO INTERPRETATION 87 Equitable Balancing of Interests 87 Developments in Conventional International Law 90 CONCLUSIONS: CONTRIBUTIONS OF TRAIL SMELTER 90 6 The Flawed Trail Smelter Procedure: The Wrong Tribunal, the Wrong Parties, and the Wrong Law 92 INTRODUCTION 92 TRAIL SMELTER AS AN ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HARM 93 THE FLAWS OF THE TRAIL SMELTER PROCEDURE 95 The Wrong Tribunal 96 The Wrong Parties 97 The Wrong Law 99 THE ROAD AWAY FROMTRAIL SMELTER 101 7 Rereading Trail Smelter 105 8 Trail Smelter and the International Law Commission's Work on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts and State Liability 111 INTRODUCTION 111 OVERVIEW OF THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY 114 TRAIL SMELTER AND THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY 116 The Continuation of the Obligation to Prevent a Wrongful Act 117 Special Measures to Guarantee Nonrepetition 117 Remoteness of Harm 118 Compensation for Reduction in Property Value 118 TRAIL SMELTER, STATE RESPONSIBILITY, AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 119 TRAIL SMELTER AND THE COLLATERAL TOPIC OF STATE LIABILITY 121 CONCLUSION 124 9 Derivative versus Direct Liability as a Basis for State Liability for Transboundary Harms 125 INTRODUCTION 125 DERIVATIVE LIABILITY EXPLAINED 126 DIRECT LIABILITY EXPLAINED 128 EXPLORING CANADA’S DERIVATIVE LIABILITY IN THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 129 EXPLORING CANADA’S DIRECT LIABILITY IN THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 131 CONCLUSION 133 RETURN TO TRAIL 135 10 Transboundary Pollution, Unilateralism, and the Limits of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: The Second Trail Smelter Dispute 135 INTRODUCTION 135 CONTRAST: THE TWO TRAIL SMELTER DISPUTES 137 The Trail Smelter Arbitration of 1938 and 1941 137 The Contemporary Dispute over the Trail Smelter 139 CONFLUENCE: EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION 142 CONCLUSION 146 PART TWO Trail Smelter and Contemporary Transboundary Harm - The Environment 149 11 Trail Smelter in Contemporary International Environmental Law: Its Relevance in the Nuclear Energy Context 151 INTRODUCTION 151 SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 152 The Trail Smelter Dictum as a Principle of Customary International Law 152 The Utility of the Trail Smelter Threshold 155 TRAIL SMELTER AND THE MANAGEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT TRANSBOUNDARY NUCLEAR RISKS 158 CONCLUSION 165 12 Through the Looking Glass: Sustainable Development and Other Emerging Concepts of International Environmental Law in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case and the Trail Smelter Arbitration 166 INTRODUCTION: LESSONS FROM THE PAST REFLECTING INTO THE FUTURE 166 THE DANUBE DAM CASE 166 THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED CONCEPTS 169 Sustainable Development in International Law 170 The Necessity of an Environmental Impact Assessment 172 Basic Framework of an Environmental Impact Assessment 172 International Support for an Environmental Impact Assessment 173 Environmental Monitoring to Ensure Future Sustainability 174 THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION AS A REFLECTION OF THE FUTURE 175 Sustainable Development in the Trail Smelter Arbitration 175 Environmental Impact Assessment and Continued Monitoring in Trail Smelter 176 CONCLUSION 178 13 Trail Smelter's (Semi) Precautionary Legacy 179 INTRODUCTION 179 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 180 TRAIL SMELTER’S (SEMI) PRECAUTIONARY LEGACY 183 GMOs as an Example of the Precautionary/Quantitative Divide 185 International Decision Making, Precaution, and GMOs 186 Regulating GMOs through a (Semi) Precautionary Lens 188 CONCLUSION 191 14 Surprising Parallels between Trail Smelter and the Global Climate Change Regime 193 INTRODUCTION 193 NONSTATE ACTORS 194 DYNAMIC REGIMES 200 CONCLUSION 206 15 Sovereignty's Continuing Importance:Traces of Trail Smelter in the International Law Governing Hazardous Waste Transport 207 INTRODUCTION 207 BACKGROUND: THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION AND PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY 209 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ON TRANSBOUNDARY HAZARDOUS WASTE TRANSPORT 212 The Problem: The Hazardous Waste Challenge 212 The International Law: From Cairo to Basel 215 Beyond Basel: The Basel Ban and Liability Protocol 216 TRACES OFTHE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION IN THE BASEL CONVENTION 217 CONCLUSION 219 16 The Legacy of Trail Smelter in the Field of Transboundary Air Pollution 221 INTRODUCTION 221 BILATERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISPUTE 223 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION 225 PROCEDURAL DIFFICULTIES IN ADJUDICATING A MULTIPARTY PROBLEM 228 RECOVERABLE CATEGORIES OF LOSS 230 A REGULATORY REGIME? 232 CONCLUSION 234 17 The Impact of the Trail Smelter Arbitration on the Law of the Sea 235 INTRODUCTION 235 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 236 MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 240 TRAIL SMELTER WITHIN THE LAW OF THE SEA 242 CONCLUSION 247 PART THREE Trail Smelter and Contemporary Transboundary Harm - Beyond the Environment 249 18 Trail Smelter and Terrorism: International Mechanisms to Combat Transboundary Harm 251 INTRODUCTION 251 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL HARM 253 Responsibility Versus Liability 253 The Content of Due Diligence Obligations in Environmental Law 254 INTERNATIONAL LAW ON TERRORISM 257 Due Diligence in the Context of Terrorism 258 State Terrorism and Issues of Attribution 262 State Control 262 Endorsement 264 CONCLUSION 264 19 The Conundrum of Corporate Social Responsibility: Reflections on the Changing Nature of Firms and States 266 INTRODUCTION 266 PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE ORDERING: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON’T KNOW ABOUT REGULATORY LAW 269 Legacies and Legends of Trail Smelter in International Environmental Law 270 REGULATION AND DISPERSED KNOWLEDGE 271 THE OTHER SIDE OF TRAIL SMELTER:TRACING NARRATIVES OF CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITIES 274 What’s in a Firm? Unfolding the Conundrum of State Responsibility 276 Postheroic Management 277 20 A Pyrrhic Victory: Applying the Trail Smelter Principle to State Creation of Refugees 280 INTRODUCTION 280 THE TRAIL SMELTER PRINCIPLE 281 REFUGEE LAW AND CURRENT FLOWS ACROSS INTERNATIONAL BORDERS 283 APPLYING TRAIL SMELTER TO CREATION OF REFUGEES 284 Imputing Acts Creating Refugees to States under Trail Smelter 285 Harm to the Nonrefouling Host State 286 The Impenetrable Problem of Measuring Damages 287 Unintended Consequences of Applying Trail Smelter to the Refugee Context and Potential Solutions 290 CONCLUSION 291 21 Transboundary Harm: Internet Torts 294 INTRODUCTION 294 THE YAHOO! CASE 295 INTERNET JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 297 INTERNET JURISDICTION FOR TORTS IN GERMANY 299 THE SOLUTION: AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON INTERNET JURISDICTION 303 WHY PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW FAILED IN TRAIL SMELTER 305 22 International Drug Pollution? Reflections on Trail Smelter and Latin American Drug Trafficking 307 INTRODUCTION 307 LEGAL THEORY AND THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION 307 LATIN AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING – FRAMING AND LEGAL THEORY 309 COSTS OF LATIN AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING 310 Costs in Consumer States 311 Costs in Producer States 312 TRAIL SMELTER CLAIMS UNLIKELY 313 Distribution Chain Causality 316 IMPLICATIONS 317 State Inequalities 318 Home/Host Variations 318 CONCLUSION 319 23 Application of International Human Rights Conventions to Transboundary State Acts 321 INTRODUCTION 321 JURISDICTION UNDER THE ECHR 322 The Bankovic Case 324 REDEFINING JURISDICTION 326 Extraterritorial Acts and the Abuse of Rights 326 The Legality of the State’s Extraterritorial Act under General International Law 327 Authority and Control 328 Presumption of Control over the Persons and Objects in Occupied Territory 329 Control over Persons or Objects 330 Control through Intentional State Acts that Directly Affect Persons 330 Summarizing the New Criteria for Jurisdiction 332 CONCLUSION 332 ANNEX A Convention Between the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada Relative to the Establishment of a Tribunal to Decide Questions of Indeminty and Future Regime Arising from the Operation of Smelter at Trial, British Columbia 335 ARTICLE I 336 ARTICLE II 336 ARTICLE III 336 ARTICLE IV 337 ARTICLE V 337 ARTICLE VI 337 ARTICLE VII 338 ARTICLE VIII 338 ARTICLE IX 338 ARTICLE X 338 ARTICLE XI 338 ARTICLE XII 339 ARTICLE XIII 339 ARTICLE XIV 339 ANNEX B Trail Smelter ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL DECISION, April 16, 1938 340 PART TWO 345 PART THREE 350 PART FOUR 350 ANNEX C Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal March 11, 1941, Decision 352 PART TWO 353 II (a) 353 II (b) 354 PART THREE 354 PART FOUR 358 (i) 358 (j) 359 SECTION 4 360 PART FIVE 360 PART SIX 361 Index 363 Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Contributors......Page 13 Acknowledgments......Page 19 Foreword......Page 21 PERSPECTIVE......Page 27 PART ONE: HISTORY AND LEGACY OF THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 28 PART TWO: TRAIL SMELTER AND CONTEMPORARY TRANSBOUNDARY HARM......Page 30 PART THREE: TRAIL SMELTER AND TRANSBOUNDARY HARM BEYOND THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 33 RÉSUMÉ: TRAIL SMELTER AS MECHANISM FOR CONCEPTUALIZING TRANSBOUNDARY HARM......Page 35 PART ONE The Trail Smelter Arbitration - History, Legacy, and Revival......Page 37 SMOKE EATERS......Page 39 SMOKE AND MIRRORS......Page 42 SMOKE ZONES......Page 44 THE SMOKING GUN......Page 48 2 The Trail Smelter Dispute [Abridged]......Page 53 PARADOXES......Page 60 PRECEDENT......Page 61 DAMAGE......Page 64 THE RULE......Page 65 THE PROGENY......Page 67 CONCLUSION......Page 71 4 Pollution by Analogy: The Trail Smelter Arbitration [Abridged]......Page 72 The Answer......Page 73 The Analogy in Theory......Page 76 The “Just” Solution......Page 77 The Results......Page 78 CONCLUSION......Page 80 INTRODUCTION......Page 82 BACKGROUND: THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 83 A REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULTIES – STATE RESPONSIBILITY......Page 85 Equitable Balancing of Interests......Page 87 CONCLUSIONS: CONTRIBUTIONS OF TRAIL SMELTER......Page 90 INTRODUCTION......Page 92 TRAIL SMELTER AS AN ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HARM......Page 93 THE FLAWS OF THE TRAIL SMELTER PROCEDURE......Page 95 The Wrong Tribunal......Page 96 The Wrong Parties......Page 97 The Wrong Law......Page 99 THE ROAD AWAY FROMTRAIL SMELTER......Page 101 7 Rereading Trail Smelter......Page 105 INTRODUCTION......Page 111 OVERVIEW OF THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY......Page 114 TRAIL SMELTER AND THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY......Page 116 Special Measures to Guarantee Nonrepetition......Page 117 Compensation for Reduction in Property Value......Page 118 TRAIL SMELTER, STATE RESPONSIBILITY, AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW......Page 119 TRAIL SMELTER AND THE COLLATERAL TOPIC OF STATE LIABILITY......Page 121 CONCLUSION......Page 124 INTRODUCTION......Page 125 DERIVATIVE LIABILITY EXPLAINED......Page 126 DIRECT LIABILITY EXPLAINED......Page 128 EXPLORING CANADA’S DERIVATIVE LIABILITY IN THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 129 EXPLORING CANADA’S DIRECT LIABILITY IN THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 131 CONCLUSION......Page 133 INTRODUCTION......Page 135 The Trail Smelter Arbitration of 1938 and 1941......Page 137 The Contemporary Dispute over the Trail Smelter......Page 139 CONFLUENCE: EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION......Page 142 CONCLUSION......Page 146 PART TWO Trail Smelter and Contemporary Transboundary Harm - The Environment......Page 149 INTRODUCTION......Page 151 The Trail Smelter Dictum as a Principle of Customary International Law......Page 152 The Utility of the Trail Smelter Threshold......Page 155 TRAIL SMELTER AND THE MANAGEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT TRANSBOUNDARY NUCLEAR RISKS......Page 158 CONCLUSION......Page 165 THE DANUBE DAM CASE......Page 166 THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED CONCEPTS......Page 169 Sustainable Development in International Law......Page 170 Basic Framework of an Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 172 International Support for an Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 173 Environmental Monitoring to Ensure Future Sustainability......Page 174 Sustainable Development in the Trail Smelter Arbitration......Page 175 Environmental Impact Assessment and Continued Monitoring in Trail Smelter......Page 176 CONCLUSION......Page 178 INTRODUCTION......Page 179 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE......Page 180 TRAIL SMELTER’S (SEMI) PRECAUTIONARY LEGACY......Page 183 GMOs as an Example of the Precautionary/Quantitative Divide......Page 185 International Decision Making, Precaution, and GMOs......Page 186 Regulating GMOs through a (Semi) Precautionary Lens......Page 188 CONCLUSION......Page 191 INTRODUCTION......Page 193 NONSTATE ACTORS......Page 194 DYNAMIC REGIMES......Page 200 CONCLUSION......Page 206 INTRODUCTION......Page 207 BACKGROUND: THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION AND PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY......Page 209 The Problem: The Hazardous Waste Challenge......Page 212 The International Law: From Cairo to Basel......Page 215 Beyond Basel: The Basel Ban and Liability Protocol......Page 216 TRACES OFTHE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION IN THE BASEL CONVENTION......Page 217 CONCLUSION......Page 219 INTRODUCTION......Page 221 BILATERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISPUTE......Page 223 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION......Page 225 PROCEDURAL DIFFICULTIES IN ADJUDICATING A MULTIPARTY PROBLEM......Page 228 RECOVERABLE CATEGORIES OF LOSS......Page 230 A REGULATORY REGIME?......Page 232 CONCLUSION......Page 234 INTRODUCTION......Page 235 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW......Page 236 MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 240 TRAIL SMELTER WITHIN THE LAW OF THE SEA......Page 242 CONCLUSION......Page 247 PART THREE Trail Smelter and Contemporary Transboundary Harm - Beyond the Environment......Page 249 INTRODUCTION......Page 251 Responsibility Versus Liability......Page 253 The Content of Due Diligence Obligations in Environmental Law......Page 254 INTERNATIONAL LAW ON TERRORISM......Page 257 Due Diligence in the Context of Terrorism......Page 258 State Control......Page 262 CONCLUSION......Page 264 INTRODUCTION......Page 266 PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE ORDERING: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON’T KNOW ABOUT REGULATORY LAW......Page 269 Legacies and Legends of Trail Smelter in International Environmental Law......Page 270 REGULATION AND DISPERSED KNOWLEDGE......Page 271 THE OTHER SIDE OF TRAIL SMELTER:TRACING NARRATIVES OF CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITIES......Page 274 What’s in a Firm? Unfolding the Conundrum of State Responsibility......Page 276 Postheroic Management......Page 277 INTRODUCTION......Page 280 THE TRAIL SMELTER PRINCIPLE......Page 281 REFUGEE LAW AND CURRENT FLOWS ACROSS INTERNATIONAL BORDERS......Page 283 APPLYING TRAIL SMELTER TO CREATION OF REFUGEES......Page 284 Imputing Acts Creating Refugees to States under Trail Smelter......Page 285 Harm to the Nonrefouling Host State......Page 286 The Impenetrable Problem of Measuring Damages......Page 287 Unintended Consequences of Applying Trail Smelter to the Refugee Context and Potential Solutions......Page 290 CONCLUSION......Page 291 INTRODUCTION......Page 294 THE YAHOO! CASE......Page 295 INTERNET JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 297 INTERNET JURISDICTION FOR TORTS IN GERMANY......Page 299 THE SOLUTION: AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON INTERNET JURISDICTION......Page 303 WHY PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW FAILED IN TRAIL SMELTER......Page 305 LEGAL THEORY AND THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 307 LATIN AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING – FRAMING AND LEGAL THEORY......Page 309 COSTS OF LATIN AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING......Page 310 Costs in Consumer States......Page 311 Costs in Producer States......Page 312 TRAIL SMELTER CLAIMS UNLIKELY......Page 313 Distribution Chain Causality......Page 316 IMPLICATIONS......Page 317 Home/Host Variations......Page 318 CONCLUSION......Page 319 INTRODUCTION......Page 321 JURISDICTION UNDER THE ECHR......Page 322 The Bankovic Case......Page 324 Extraterritorial Acts and the Abuse of Rights......Page 326 The Legality of the State’s Extraterritorial Act under General International Law......Page 327 Authority and Control......Page 328 Presumption of Control over the Persons and Objects in Occupied Territory......Page 329 Control through Intentional State Acts that Directly Affect Persons......Page 330 CONCLUSION......Page 332 ANNEX A Convention Between the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada Relative to the Establishment of a Tribunal to Decide Questions of Indeminty and Future Regime Arising from the Operation of Smelter at Trial, British Columbia......Page 335 ARTICLE III......Page 336 ARTICLE VI......Page 337 ARTICLE XI......Page 338 ARTICLE XIV......Page 339 ANNEX B Trail Smelter ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL DECISION, April 16, 1938......Page 340 PART TWO......Page 345 PART FOUR......Page 350 ANNEX C Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal March 11, 1941, Decision......Page 352 II (a)......Page 353 PART THREE......Page 354 (i)......Page 358 (j)......Page 359 PART FIVE......Page 360 PART SIX......Page 361 Index......Page 363 "An outcrop of hell" : history, environment, and the politics of the Trail Smelter dispute / James R. Allum The Trail Smelter dispute : roots and legacy / John E. Read Of paradoxes, precedents, and progeny : the Trail Smelter arbitration 65 years later / Stephen C. McCaffrey Pollution by analogy : the Trail Smelter arbitration / Alfred P. Rubin Has international law outgrown Trail Smelter? / Jaye Ellis The flawed Trail Smelter procedure : the wrong tribunal, the wrong parties, and the wrong law / John H. Knox Rereading Trail Smelter / Karin Mickelson Trail Smelter and the international law commission's work on state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and state liability / Mark A. Drumbl Derivative versus direct liability as a basis for state liability for transboundary harms / Mark Anderson Transboundary pollution, unilateralism, and the limits of extraterritorial jurisdiction : the second Trail Smelter dispute / Neil Craik Trail Smelter in contemporary international environmental law : its relevance in the nuclear energy context / Günther Handl Through the looking glass : sustainable development and other emerging concepts of international environmental law in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros case and the Trail Smelter arbitration / James F. Jacobson Trial Smelter's (semi) precautionary legacy / Rebecca M. Bratspies Surprising parallels between Trail Smelter and the global climate change regime / Russell A. Miller Sovereignty's continuing importance : traces of Trail Smelter in the international law governing hazardous waste transport / Austen L. Parrish The legacy of Trail Smelter in the field of transboundary air pollution / Phoebe Okowa The impact of the Trail Smelter arbitration on the law of the sea / Stuart M. Kaye Trail smelter and terrorism : international mechanisms to combat transboundary harm / Pierre-Marie Dupuy and Cristin Hoss The conundrum of corporate social responsibility : reflections on the changing nature of firms and states / Peer Zumbansen A pyrrhic victory : applying the Trail Smelter principle to state creation of refugees / Jennifer Peavey Joanis Transboundary harm : Internet torts / Holger P. Hestermeyer International drug pollution? : reflections on Trail Smelter and Latin American drug trafficking / Judith Wise & Eric L. Jensen Application of international human rights conventions to transboundary state acts / Nicola Vennemann Convention for settlement of difficulties arising from operation of Smelter at Trail, British Columbia [U.S.T.S no. 893] Trail Smelter arbitral decision (1938) [33 American journal of international law 182 (1939)] [abridged] Trail Smelter arbitral decision (1941) [35 American journal of international law 684 (1941)] [abridged]. This book reveals the many harms which flow across the ever-more porous sovereign borders of a globalising world. These harms expose weaknesses in the international legal regime built on sovereignty of nation states. Using the Trail Smelter Arbitration, one of the most cited cases in international environmental law, this book explores the changing nature of state responses to transboundary harm. Taking a critical approach, the book examines the arbitration's influence on international law generally, and international environmental law specifically. In particular, the book explores whether there are lessons from Trail Smelter that are useful for resolving transboundary challenges confronting the international community. The book collects the commentary of a distinguished set of international law scholars who consider the history of the Trail Smelter arbitration, its significance for international environmental law, its broader relationship to international law, and its resonance in fields beyond the environment.