Traditional Medicine for Neuronal Health

Advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are nominal. Currently available therapies are merely symptomatic treatments that cannot prevent the development of the disease. Several herbs have been found very useful for managing neurological diseases. There are immense possibilities to discover a more successful line of ND treatment. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants may play a vital role in maintaining the chemical balance of the brain by affecting the capacity of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. A few plants have already gained popularity for the potential treatment of NDs. This volume highlights the therapeutic role of medicinal plants and their scientific validation for improving neuronal health. It presents 15 chapters that cover the herbal treatment of NDs, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The contents cover a range of pharmaceutical agents like sirtuins, berberine, rosmarinic acid and resveratrol. The book serves as a reference for pharmacology and herbal medicine scholars as well as healthcare workers interested in information about alternative and complementary therapies for neurological disorders. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Parkinson's Disease: A Phytotherapeutic Prospective Bhargab Deka1, Bedanta Bhattacharjee1, Naveen Shivavedi2, Gireesh Kumar Singh3, Hans Raj Bhat1, Surajit Kumar Ghosh1 and Anshul Shakya1,* INTRODUCTION NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCOMPOUNDS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS M. pruriens (Kauncha) Plant Description Phytoconstituents of M. pruriens Neuroprotective Activity of M. pruriens in Parkinson’s Pathology Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Plant Description Phytoconstituents of Turmeric Neuroprotective Activity of Curcumin in Parkinson’s Pathology Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Plant Description Phytoconstituents of Ginger Neuroprotective Activity of Ginger in Parkinson’s Pathology Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) Phytoconstituents of “Brahmi” Neuroprotective Activity of “Brahmi” in Parkinson’s Pathology Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi) Plant Description Phytoconstituents of “Jatamansi” Neuroprotective Activity of N. jatamansi in Parkinson’s Pathology W. somnifera (Ashwagandha) Plant Description Phytoconstituents of Ashwagandha Neuroprotective Activity of Ashwagandha in Parkinson’s Pathology Silybum marianum (Silymarin) Plant Description Phytoconstituets of Silymarin Neuroprotective Activity of Silymarin in Parkinson’s Pathology CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Delineating the Neuroinflammatory Crosstalk in Neurodegeneration and Probing the Near Future Therapeutics Vinod Tiwari1,*, Ankit Uniyal1, Vineeta Tiwari1, Vaibhav Thakur1, Mousmi Rani1 and Akhilesh1 INTRODUCTION NEUROINFLAMMATION: A FRIEND OR A FOE? NEUROINFLAMMATION: A CRITICAL MEDIATOR FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES Parkinson’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Huntington’s Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis THERAPEUTIC PATHWAYS FOR THE NEAR FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATION Microglial Responsiveness Modulation: A Potential Tool for Neuroprotection Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ): A Potential Target against Neuroinflammation P2X7 Purinergic Receptor-mediated Signalling and Neurodegeneration NF-κB Signaling and Neuroinflammation Toll-like Receptors: The Biological Switches for Neuroinflammation NLRP3 Inflammasome and Caspase-1 Signalling in Neurodegeneration Neuroinflammation-associated Oxidative Stress Multimodal Cascade Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Modulations of SIRTUINs and Management of Brain Disorders Sudhir Kumar Shekhar1,*, Sarfraj Ahmad Siddiqui2,* and Girish Rai3 INTRODUCTION SIRTUINS STRUCTURE AND TYPES SIRT1 SIRT2 SIRT3 SIRT4 SIRT5 SIRT6 SIRT7 SIRTUINS IN DIFFERENT BRAIN FUNCTIONS SIRTUINS AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS Multiple Sclerosis (MS) AD PD ALS WD Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Stroke MODULATION OF SIRTUINS STACs NBMs CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Beyond the Synthetic Drugs: Fungal Endophytes Derived Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders Ashish Verma1,#, Nilesh Rai1,#, Swapnil C. Kamble2, Pradeep Mishra3, Suvakanta Barik4, Rajiv Kumar1, Santosh Kumar Singh1, Prafull Salvi5 and Vibhav Gautam1,* INTRODUCTION FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE AS A SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUND FOR MANAGING HEALTH DISORDERS ROLE OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE-DERIVED BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN TREATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES Fungal Endophyte-derived Bioactive Compounds having Anti-neuroinflammatory Properties Fungal Endophyte-derived Bioactive Compounds in Managing Neuro-hydrolases Role of Fungal Endophyte-derived Bioactive Compounds in Managing Oxidative Stress Response Role of Fungal Endophyte-derived Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Depression CHALLENGES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Neuroprotective Role of Medicinal Plants from North Eastern Region of India Bedanta Bhattacharjee1, Bhargab Deka1, Naveen Shivavedi2, Hans Raj Bhat1, Saurabh Kumar Sinha3, Surajit Kumar Ghosh1 and Anshul Shakya1,* INTRODUCTION NEUROPROTECTIVE HERBS Allium sativum Camella sinensis Centella asiatica Coriandrum sativum Crocus sativus Glycyrrhiza glabra Morus alba CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Tinospora cordifolia in Neurodegeneration: A Strong Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Phytotherapeutic Drug Candidate Anuradha Sharma1 and Gurcharan Kaur2,* INTRODUCTION BRAIN HEALTH AND NEUROLOGIC DISEASE BURDEN IMMUNOMODULATORY ROLE OF T. CORDIFOLIA ROLE OF T. CORDIFOLIA IN NEURODEGENERATION T. cordifolia and Oxidative Stress T. cordifolia and Neuroinflammation Glutamate-induced Excitotoxicity CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Mucuna pruriens and Parkinson’s Disease: A Natural Approach to Treat PD Mamta Tiwari1,* and Anurag Pandey2 INTRODUCTION PATHOLOGY OF PD SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PD AETIOLOGY OF PD AYURVEDIC UNDERSTANDING OF PD AETIOLOGY OF PD AS PER AYURVEDA (TABLE 2) M. pruriens in Ayurveda Properties of M. pruriens M. pruriens as Source of L-DOPA Neuroprotective Activity of M. pruriens Hypoglycaemic Activity of M. pruriens Anti-inflammatory Activity of M. pruriens Anti-depressant Activity of M. pruriens Antioxidant Activity of M. pruriens DISCUSSION CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Bacopa monnieri and Neural Health: An Indian Herb Prachi Pattnaik1, Chetan Panda2, Tarun Minocha3, Sanjeev Kumar Yadav3, Namrata Dwivedi4 and Sandeep Kumar Singh5,* INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES? PHYTODRUGS - THE POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE PERKS OF PHYTOMEDICINES OVER SYNTHETIC DRUGS WHAT ARE NOOTROPICS? ROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINES IN NEUROPROTECTION BACOPA MONNIERI: A REAL FORTUNE FOR NEURAL HEALTH Taxonomic Classification Botany Pharmaceutical Properties and Uses Neuroprotective Aspect of Brahmi Role of BM in Curing AD Effect on Curing Cancer Other Biological Activities of BM CURRENT RESEARCH AND SCOPE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Role of Curcumin in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders Bhuwan Chandra Joshi1 and Yogita Dobhal2,* INTRODUCTION ROLE OF CURCUMIN IN VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD) PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) OTHER DISEASES Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Huntington’s Disease (HD) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Glioma (GBM) Cognitive Dysfunctions Multiple Sclerosis (MS) CURCUMIN IN CLINICAL TRIALS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Pharmacology of Rosmarinic Acid against Psychological Disorders Himanshu Verma1, Naveen Shivavedi1, Mukesh Kumar1 and Prasanta Kumar Nayak1,* INTRODUCTION SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS EPIDEMIOLOGY CURRENT TREATMENT STRATEGIES ROSMARINIC ACID (RA) PHARMACOLOGY OF RA PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF RA THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF RA IN PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS CHALLENGES AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Neuroprotective Effects of Berberine in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Rupinder Kaur Sodhi1 and Anurag Kuhad1,* INTRODUCTION SOURCE, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY BERBERINE IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Huntington’s Disease (HD) Cerebral Ischemia Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) BERBERINE IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS Depression Schizophrenia Anxiety SAFETY OF BERBERINE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Resveratrol: A Novel Drug for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders Sapna Bala1, Anamika Misra2, Upinder Kaur3 and Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti1,* INTRODUCTION CHEMISTRY DIETARY SOURCES METABOLISM MECHANISM OF ACTION Antioxidant Effect AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase) Pathway Sirtuins OTHER MECHANISMS RESVERATROL IN CELL CULTURE EXPERIMENTS RESVERATROL IN ANIMAL MODELS Reveratrol and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Resveratrol and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Resveratrol in Other Neurodegenerative Disorders CONCLUSION: RESVERATROL IN CLINICAL USE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Protective Effect of Potent Protein-like Drug Isolated from Indian Medicinal Plants over Diabetic Neuropathy Harsha Kashyap1,*, Hagera Dilnashin2 and Mukesh Kumar3 INTRODUCTION DN Imbalance of Oxidative Homeostasis Alteration in Neurotransmitters CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Natural Herbs Polishing Memory: Neuroprotection against Alzheimer's Disease Manisha Thakkur1,*, Hagera Dilnashin2 and Priyanka Kumari Keshri2 INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Autosomal Dominant AD (ADAD) Early-Onset AD (EOAD) Late-Onset AD (LOAD) MAJOR HYPOTHESES β-amyloid Hypothesis Hyperphosporelated Tau Hypothesis Chronic Inflammation Cholinergic Hypothesis Metal Ion Hypothesis CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR NEUROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF INDIAN HERBS OR PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Neuroprotective Effect of Natural Products in Attenuation of Aging-associated Neurodegeneration Abhai Kumar1 and Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia1,* INTRODUCTION NATURAL PRODUCTS AND NEUROPROTECTION Honey Propolis Withania somnifera Ginseng Curcumin Uncaria Rhynchophylla Cyanobacteria CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover Advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are nominal. Currently available therapies are merely symptomatic treatments that cannot prevent the development of the disease. Several herbs have been found very useful for managing neurological diseases. There are immense possibilities to discover a more successful line of ND treatment. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants may play a vital role in maintaining the chemical balance of the brain by affecting the capacity of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. A few plants have already gained popularity for the potential treatment of NDs. This volume highlights the therapeutic role of medicinal plants and their scientific validation for improving neuronal health. It presents 15 chapters that cover the herbal treatment of NDs, including Parkinson s disease and Alzheimer s disease. The contents cover a range of pharmaceutical agents like sirtuins, berberine, rosmarinic acid and resveratrol. The book serves as a reference for pharmacology and herbal medicine scholars as well as healthcare workers interested in information about alternative and complementary therapies for neurological disorders.