تجارتگران و تجارت در اوامبولاند استعماری، ۱۹۲۵-۱۹۹۰: شکل‌گیری نخبگان و سیاست‌های مصرف تحت حکومت غیرمستقیم و آپارتاید

Taking the history of trade and of traders as its subject matter, this book offers the first economic history of northern Namibia during the twentieth century. It traces Namibia's way from a rural, largely self-relying society into a globalised economy of consumption. This transformation built on colonial economic activities, but it was crucially shaped by local traders, a new social elite emerging during the 1950s and 1960s. Becoming a trader was one of the few possibilities for black Namibians to gain monetary income at home. It was a pathway out of migrant labour, to new status in the local society and often to prosperity. Politically, most traders occupied a middle ground: content of their own social position, but intent on political emancipation from colonial rule. Economically, their energy and business acumen transformed northern Namibia into an increasingly urban consumer society. The development path they chose, however, depended too much on the colonial reserve economy to remain sustainable after 1990. Their legacy still shapes spatial and social structures in northern Namibia, but most traders' businesses have today closed down. By telling the history of the rise and decline of traders and trade in northern Namibia, this book is thus also a reflection on the conundrums of economic development under conditions of structural inequality. Cover 1 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 Contents 6 Acknowledgment 7 Introduction 9 A short literature review 10 Trade and consumption 11 Modern elites 13 Civil society 15 Structures and agency in domination 17 Ovamboland: a short geographical and historical outline 20 Terminology, Methods, Sources 23 The book’s storyline 27 1. The early years: from itinerant traders to monopoly stores 32 The era of trade expeditions and mission trade (1850–1925) 33 Missionary trade 39 Migrant workers 41 Early attempts to open stores 49 The establishment of the first stores 53 2. The monopoly stores, 1925–1952 59 Institutional history of the monopoly stores 60 Trade organization and shopping 68 Turnover 77 Getting supplies to Ovamboland 80 Trade and the administration 86 3. The first locally owned stores, 1937–1955 93 The pioneer: Simon Galoua in Ombalantu 93 Population growth and settlement expansion after 1927 98 The first wave of new traders, 1951–55 100 Why Stores? 106 4. From indirect rule to liberation war: Ovamboland 1948–1978 112 Modernizing the administration, 1948–1978 112 Changing South African Policies 113 Ovamboland administration under apartheid 115 Apartheid development policy 122 Liberation movement and guerilla war 131 5. Traders in a modernizing society 141 Three biographies of early traders 143 Types of stores 151 Turnover 161 Stock and supplies 162 The social role of traders 163 Credit and traders’ networks 165 6. Stores and spatial organization after 1950 171 “Piccanins with guns” – Ondangwa in 1950 173 The geography of stores, 1950–1965 179 Central Ukwanyama: development stalled by the war 181 Small towns: New centers in the rural areas 182 Ondangwa and Oshakati: the new towns 186 Frontier spaces: Social life in the new towns 193 7. Taking sides? Traders and politics during the liberation war 202 Traders between old and new elites 207 Profiting or dying: Traders in war 213 Traders as development partners for a modernizing administration 219 Civil society or uncivil despotism? 221 Conclusion 227 Trade in central-northern Namibia after 1990 227 Colonial domination and local elites in Ovamboland 233 Homeland development and economic structures 237 Consumption, trade and social order 241 Entrepreneurship, dependency and economic structures 243 Annex: Price List Ondjodjo and Omafo 1941 246 List of Illustrations 254 References 256 Index 273 Back cover 282 Taking the history of trade and of traders as its subject matter, this book offers the first economic history of northern Namibia during the 20th century. It traces Namibia's way from a rural, largely self-relying society into a globalised economy of consumption. This transformation built on colonial economic activities, but it was crucially shaped by local traders, a new social elite emerging during the 1950s and 1960s. Becoming a trader was one of the few possibilities for black Namibians to gain monetary income at home. It was a pathway out of migrant labour, to new status in the local society and often to prosperity. Politically, most traders occupied a middle ground: content of their own social position, but intent on political emancipation from colonial rule. Economically, their energy and business acumen transformed northern Namibia into an increasingly urban consumer society. The development path they chose, however, depended too much on the colonial reserve economy to remain sustainable after 1990. Their legacy still shapes spatial and social structures in northern Namibia, but most traders' businesses have today closed down. By telling the history of the rise and decline of traders and trade in northern Namibia, this book is thus also a reflection on the conundrums of economic development under conditions of structural inequality "Taking the history of trade and of traders as its subject matter, this book offers the first economic history of northern Namibia during the twentieth century. It traces Namibia's way from a rural, largely self-relying society into a globalised economy of consumption. This transformation built on colonial economic activities, but it was crucially shaped by local traders, a new social elite emerging during the 1950s and 1960s. Becoming a trader was one of the few possibilities for black Namibians to gain monetary income at home. It was a pathway out of migrant labour, to new status in the local society and often into prosperity ..."--Page 4 of cover Taking the history of trade and of traders as its subject matter, this book offers the first economic history of northern Namibia during the twentieth century. It traces Namibia̐ưs way from a rural, largely self-relying society into a globalised economy of consumption. This transformation built on colonial economic activities, but it was crucially shaped by local traders, a new social elite emerging during the 1950s and 1960s. Becoming a trader was one of the few possibilities for black Namibians to gain monetary income at home. It was a pathway out of migrant labour, to new status in the local