Tracing the Indo-Europeans : New Evidence From Archaeology and Historical Linguistics

Recent developments in aDNA has reshaped our understanding of later European prehistory, and at the same time also opened up for more fruitful collaborations between archaeologists and historical linguists. Two revolutionary genetic studies, published independently in Nature, 2015, showed that prehistoric Europe underwent two successive waves of migration, one from Anatolia consistent with the introduction of agriculture, and a later influx from the Pontic-Caspian steppes which without any reasonable doubt pinpoints the archaeological Yamnaya complex as the cradle of (Core-)Indo-European languages. Now, for the first time, when the preliminaries are clear, it is possible for the fields of genetics, archaeology and historical linguistics to cooperate in a constructive fashion to refine our knowledge of the Indo-European homeland, migrations, society and language. For the historical-comparative linguists, this opens up a wealth of exciting perspectives and new working fields in the intersections between linguistics and neighboring disciplines, for the archaeologists and geneticists, on the other hand, the linguistic contributions help to endow the material findings with a voice from the past. The present selection of papers illustrate the importance of an open interdisciplinary discussion which will gradually help us in our quest of Tracing the Indo-Europeans. Table of Contents Preface/Introduction: Tracing the Indo-Europeans (by the editors) The Indo-European homeland: Introducing the problem. By Thomas Olander Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic, and Nostratic: A Brief Excursus into the Comparative Study of Proto-Languages. By James P. Mallory A linking cord. Pottery ornamentation and language in the North c 3600-2400 BC. By Einar Østmo. On the emergence of the Corded Ware societies in Northern Europe – reconsidering the migration hypothesis. By Rune Iversen Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia. By Dorcas R. Brown and David Anthony. “Children of the light”. On yoga, body schemes and altered states of consciousness in the Nordic Late Bronze Age – a link to India? By Kristin Armstrong Oma & Lene Melheim Aspects of family structure among the Indo-Europeans. By Birgit Anette Olsen To bury a ruler: the meaning of the horse in aristocratic burials. By Anne-Marie Carstens

Recent developments in aDNA has reshaped our understanding of later European prehistory, and at the same time also opened up for more fruitful collaborations between archaeologists and historical linguists. Two revolutionary genetic studies, published independently in Nature, 2015, showed that prehistoric Europe underwent two successive waves of migration, one from Anatolia consistent with the introduction of agriculture, and a later influx from the Pontic-Caspian steppes which without any reasonable doubt pinpoints the archaeological Yamnaya complex as the cradle of (Core-)Indo-European languages. Now, for the first time, when the preliminaries are clear, it is possible for the fields of genetics, archaeology and historical linguistics to cooperate in a constructive fashion to refine our knowledge of the Indo-European homeland, migrations, society and language. For the historical-comparative linguists, this opens up a wealth of exciting perspectives and new working fields in the intersections between linguistics and neighbouring disciplines, for the archaeologists and geneticists, on the other hand, the linguistic contributions help to endow the material findings with a voice from the past. The present selection of papers illustrate the importance of an open interdisciplinary discussion which will gradually help us in our quest of Tracing the Indo-Europeans.

Recent developments in aDNA has reshaped our understanding of later European prehistory, and at the same time also opened up for more fruitful collaborations between archaeologists and historical linguists. Two revolutionary genetic studies, published independently in Nature, 2015, showed that prehistoric Europe underwent two successive waves of migration, one from Anatolia consistent with the introduction of agriculture, and a later influx from the Pontic-Caspian steppes which without any reasonable doubt pinpoints the archaeological Yamnaya complex as the cradle of (Core- )Indo-European languages. Now, for the first time, when the preliminaries are clear, it is possible for the fields of genetics, archaeology and historical linguistics to cooperate in a constructive fashion to refine our knowledge of the Indo-European homeland, migrations, society and language. For the historical-comparative linguists, this opens up a wealth of exciting perspectives and new working fields in the intersections between linguistics and neighbouring disciplines, for the archaeologists and geneticists, on the other hand, the linguistic contributions help to endow the material findings with a voice from the past. The present selection of papers illustrate the importance of an open interdisciplinary discussion which will gradually help us in our quest of Tracing the Indo-Europeans HISTORY / Europe / General Cover 1 Book Title 2 Copyright 3 Contents 4 List of figures 5 List of tables 7 List of contributors 8 1. Tracing the Indo-Europeans: Introduction; Birgit A. Olsen, Thomas Olander and Kristian Kristiansen 10 2. The Indo-European homeland: Introducing the problem; Thomas Olander 16 3. Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Nostratic: A brief excursus into the comparative study of proto-languages; J.P. Mallory 44 4. A linking cord: Pottery ornamentation and language in the North c. 3600–2400 BC; Einar Østmo 68 5. On the emergence of the Corded Ware societies in Northern Europe: Reconsidering the migration hypothesis; Rune Iversen 82 6. Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia; Dorcas R. Brown and David W. Anthony 106 7. ‘Children of the light’: On yoga, body schemes and altered states of consciousness in the Nordic Late Bronze Age – a link to India?; Kristin Armstrong Oma and Lene Melheim 132 8. Aspects of family structure among the Indo-Europeans; Birgit A. Olsen 154 9. To bury a ruler: The meaning of the horse in aristocratic burials; Anne-Marie Carstens 174 Inter-disciplinary study combining archaeological evidence for cultural development with DNA studies and historical linguistics to examine the origins, chronology and spread of Indo-European cultures.