Towards Sustainable Customization: Bridging Smart Products and Manufacturing Systems: Proceedings of the 8th Changeable, Agile, Reconfigurable and ... (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)

Preface Acknowledgements Organization Conference Chair CARV2021 Conference Chair MCPC2021 Industry Track Chair Local Organizing Committee Honorary Co-chairs CARV2021 Honorary Co-chairs MCPC2021 International Program Committee CARV2021 International Program Committee MCPC2021 International Scientific Committee CARV2021 International Scientific Committee MCPC2021 Reviewers Contents Bridging CARV and MCPC A Bibliometric and Sentiment Analysis of CARV and MCPC Conferences in the 21stCentury: Towards Sustainable Customization 1 Introduction 2 Data and Methods 2.1 Data on Conference Proceedings 2.2 Data Analyses 3 Results of Bibliometric Analysis 3.1 Citations for Conferences and Papers 3.2 Most Cited Papers 3.3 Most Productive and Cited Authors 3.4 Author Recurrence 4 Results of Sentiment Analysis 4.1 High-Frequency and Distinctive Words 4.2 Keywords Frequency 5 Discussion 5.1 Research Impact and Relevancy of CARV and MCPC 5.2 Past and Present Research Trends in CARV and MCPC 5.3 Bridging CARV and MCPC 6 Conclusions References Changeable, Reconfigurable and Flexible Manufacturing A Classification of Different Levels of Flexibility in an Automated Manufacturing System and Needed Competence 1 Introduction 2 Automation Concepts in the Manufacturing Context 3 The State of the Art 4 Classification of Automation Concepts 5 Discussion and Conclusion 6 Future Work References Manufacturing Genome: A Foundation for Symbiotic, Highly Iterative Product and Production Adaptations 1 Introduction and Problem Statement 2 State of the Art: Bioinspired Integration of Product Design and Production Planning 3 Manufacturing Genome Framework 3.1 Modelling the Horizontal Interlinkage (Gene Sequence) 3.2 Modelling the Vertical Interlinkage (Interdependencies Between Genes) 3.3 Mutations/Instances vs. Global sequencing 4 Brief Case Study 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Advanced Reconfigurable Machine Tools for a New Manufacturing Business Model 1 Introduction 2 Novel Classification of Reconfigurability in Manufacturing 3 From Conventional to New Reconfigurable Machine Tools 3.1 Conventional Machine Tools 3.2 New Reconfigurable Machine Tool 4 Capacity Sharing by RMT for a New Manufacturing Model 5 Conclusion References Design and Fabrication of Novel Compliant Mechanisms and Origami Structures for Specialty Grippers 1 Introduction 1.1 Flexible Sheet Component and Material Handling Grippers Background 1.2 Additive Manufacturing Overview 2 Research Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Miura Fold Grippers 3.2 Ori Grip with Living Hinges 4 Conclusion References Configuration Design of Delayed Reconfigurable Manufacturing System(D-RMS) 1 Introduction 2 D-RMS Definition 3 Configuration Design 4 Case Study 4.1 Case 1 4.2 Case 2 5 Conclusion References Classification of Reconfigurability Characteristics of Supply Chain 1 Introduction 2 Supply Chain Reconfigurability 3 Characteristics of the Supply Chain Reconfigurability 3.1 Supply Chain Modularity 3.2 Supply Chain Integrability 3.3 Supply Chain Convertibility 3.4 Supply Chain Diagnosability 3.5 Supply Chain Scalability 3.6 Supply Chain Customization 4 Classification of Reconfigurability Characteristics 4.1 Structural Aspect 4.2 Functional Aspect 5 Conclusion References Reconfigurable Manufacturing: An Investigation of Diagnosability Requirements, Enabling Technologies and Applications in Industry 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Case Study 4 Results 5 Conclusions References A Classification of the Barriers in the Implementation Process of Reconfigurability 1 Introduction 2 Barriers in the Implementation Process of Reconfigurability 2.1 The Identification of Barriers 2.2 The Classification of the Barriers 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion and Further Research References Development of a Parallel Product-Production Co-design for an Agile Battery Cell Production System 1 Motivation – Agile Production Systems for Battery Cell Manufacturing 2 Scenario Analysis for an Agile, Robust and Versatile Production System for Battery Cells 3 Development of Production Modules for Sheet-To-Sheet Production 3.1 Coating and Drying 3.2 Calendering 3.3 PPR-Models as the Basis for Structured Mapping of Aspects of the Battery Cell Production and Derivation of the Database Structure 4 Outlook – Flexible Product Development for Battery Cell Compound References Towards the Swarm Production Paradigm 1 Introduction 1.1 Material Flow Flexibility 2 State of the Art 2.1 Fixed Routing and Fixed Workstations 2.2 Flexible Routing and Fixed Workstation Position 2.3 Fixed Routing and Movable Workstations 2.4 Free Routing and Movable Workstations 2.5 Summary 3 Swarm Production Paradigm 3.1 Definition of Swarm Production 3.2 Research Challenges 4 Exemplification of Swarm Production 5 Discussion References Challenges Towards Long-Term Production Development: An Industry Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Theory 3.1 The Product Realisation Process and Production Development 3.2 Production Platforms 4 Empirical Findings 4.1 Case 1 4.2 Case 2 4.3 Case 3 4.4 Case 4 4.5 Case 5 5 Discussion 5.1 Conclusions References The Use of Principal Component Analysis for the Construction of a Reconfigurability Index 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Questionnaire Survey 3.2 Principal Component Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Weighting the Variables 4.2 Reconfigurability Index 5 Conclusion and Further Research References A Real Options Approach for NPV Investment Evaluation of Changeable Manufacturing Systems 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Method 4 Proposed Model 4.1 Conceptual Model 4.2 Scientific Model 4.3 Model Application 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Methods and Models to Evaluate the Investment of Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems: Literature Review and Research Directions 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Classification 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Further Research References Smart Automation and Human Machine Collaboration Aiming for Knowledge-Transfer-Optimizing Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Foundation 2.1 Smart Production Systems 2.2 Knowledge Transfers 2.3 Knowledge-Intensive Artifacts 3 Methodology of KT Optimizing CPS 4 Design of a Framework for the Knowledge-Transfer-Optimizing CPS 5 Conclusion References Comparison of AI-based Task Planning Approaches for Simulating Human-Robot Collaboration 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Automated Planning Approaches for HRC 2.2 Action Representation for Simulation 3 Graphical Planning and Role Distribution for Collaborative Assembly 3.1 Comparison of RAFCON and AJAN Features 3.2 Use Case Description and Evaluation of RAFCON and AJAN 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Towards Flexible PCB Assembly Using Simulation-Based Optimization 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 System Description 3.1 Flexible Feeder and Part Reorientation 3.2 Fast Setup and Design from Simulation 3.3 Vision-Based 6D Pose Estimation 3.4 Insertion 4 Experiment and Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Towards Automatic Welding-Robot Programming Based on Product Model 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Case: Robot Programming at ETO SMEs 4 Automatic Robot Programming Based on Product Model 5 Experiment 6 Discussion and Conclusion References Design of an Intelligent Robotic End Effector Based on Topology Optimization in the Concept of Industry 4.0 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 End-Effector Design Workflow 4 Conclusions and Outlook References Towards a Structured Decision-Making Framework for Automating Cognitively Demanding Manufacturing Tasks 1 Introduction 2 State-of-the-Art 2.1 Automation Perspectives 2.2 Quantifying Task Complexity (and Criteria) 3 Method 4 Case Study 4.1 Hierarchical Task Analysis for a Press Brake Tooling Manufacturer 4.2 Comparison of Sub-ordinate Tasks Against Automation Feasibility Criteria 5 Conclusion References Enabling Resilient Production Through Adaptive Human-Machine Task Sharing 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Related Research and Background 2.1 Adaptive Task Sharing 2.2 Skill-Based Modeling 2.3 Human Resilience Factors 3 Considering Human Resources in Production Planning 4 Example Scenarios 4.1 Scenario 1: Considering Ergonomics and Human Preference 4.2 Scenario 2: Improving Resilience by Sharing Tasks 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Feasibility of Augmented Reality in the Scope of Commission of Industrial Robot Plants 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Work 3 AR in the Commission of Offline Created Robot Programmes 4 Mock-Up Implementation 5 Experiment 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion and Outlook References Assembly Process Digitization Through Self-learning Assistance Systems in Production 1 Introduction 2 Terminology and Definition 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Detecting Faults During Automatic Screwdriving: A Dataset and Use Case of Anomaly Detection for Automatic Screwdriving 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Work 3 The AURSAD Dataset 3.1 Dataset Structure 3.2 Anomalies 3.3 Dataset Applicability 4 Experiments 5 Concluding Remarks References Virtual Modeling as a Safety Assessment Tool for a Collaborative Robot (Cobot) Work Cell Based on ISO/TS 15066:2016 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Literature Review 3.1 Simulations and Collaborative Robots 3.2 Collaborative Robot Safety Standard and ISO/TS 15066:2016 4 Case Study 4.1 Design Specification of the Cobot Work Cell 4.2 Building of 3D Simulation Model 4.3 Safety Analysis 4.4 Modified Simulation Model 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References A Case Study of Plug and Produce Robot Assistants for Hybrid Manufacturing Workstations 1 Introduction 2 Related Research 3 Methodology 4 Case Study 4.1 AAU Smart Production Line 4.2 Plug and Produce Robot Assistant 4.3 Production Scenarios 5 Results 6 Conclusion References Integrated COBOT, Human, and Manufacturing Task Kinematic Chain 1 Introduction and Literature Review 2 Statement of Purpose and Scope 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Summary and Conclusions References Additive Manufacturing Assessment of Repairability and Process Chain Configuration for Additive Repair 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Assistance System for Additive Repair 4 Application Example 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Additive Manufacturing of TPU Pneu-Nets as Soft Robotic Actuators 1 Introduction 2 Pneumatic Networks 3 Additive Manufacturing Method 4 Material 5 Actuator Geometry 6 Results 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion and Outlook References Applicability of Snap Joint Design Guidelines for Additive Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Snap Joints 3 Objectives 4 Methodology 4.1 Snap Joint Geometry 4.2 Material 4.3 Test Setup 4.4 Joining Force Calculation 4.5 Joining Force Simulation 5 Results 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions and Outlook References A Reduced Gaussian Process Heat Emulator for Laser Powder Bed Fusion 1 Introduction 2 Thermal Simulator and Emulator 2.1 Numerical Solver with FEM 2.2 Reduced Gaussian Processes 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Smart Factories and Cyber-Physical Production Systems Demonstrating and Evaluating the Digital Twin Based Virtual Factory for Virtual Prototyping 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Virtual Prototyping 2.2 Virtual Factory 3 Methodology 3.1 Demonstration 3.2 Group Interviews 4 Evaluation and Discussion 4.1 Discussions 5 Conclusion References Applying Robotics Centered Digital Twins in a Smart Factory for Facilitating Integration and Improved Process Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Task Programming and Monitoring with Digital Twins 3.1 The ServiceBlock Framework 3.2 System Monitoring 4 Experiment and Result 4.1 Programming the Assembly Sequence 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion and Future Work References A Concept for a Distributed Interchangeable Knowledge Base in CPPS 1 Introduction 2 Related Literature and Concepts 2.1 AI in CPPS 2.2 Distributed Functions in CPPS 3 Architecture for Distributed CPPS with Interchangeable Knowledge Bases 3.1 Components 3.2 Interactions 4 Conclusions References Generating Customer Insights Using the Digital Shadow of the Customer 1 Motivation 2 Analysis of Customer Data for Product Development 2.1 Data for Product Development 2.2 Analysis Methods and Goals 3 Enabling Customer-Centered Data-Driven Product Development 3.1 The Data Lake 3.2 The Digital Shadow 4 Conclusion References Development of a IIoT Platform for Industrial Imaging Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 M2M Communication 3.1 Interprocess Communication 3.2 Data Objects 3.3 Addressing and Accessing 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Digital Twin Design in Production 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals and State of Research 3 Digital Twin Design 3.1 System Context Setting 3.2 Requirements Determination 3.3 DT Concept Modeling 3.4 Requirements Specification 3.5 Validation and Verification 4 Conclusion and Outlook References Requirements Analysis for Digital Shadows of Production Plant Layouts 1 Introduction 2 Plant Layout and Its Properties 3 Requirements Analysis 3.1 Position Accuracy 3.2 Orientation Accuracy 3.3 Requirements for the Identification 3.4 Recording Duration 4 Conclusion References Deconstructing Industry 4.0: Defining the Smart Factory 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 State of the Art 4 Defining the Smart Factory 4.1 Definition 5 Contextualizing the Smart Factory 6 Discussion References Application of Multi-Model Databases in Digital Twins Using the Example of a Quality Assurance Process 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 2.1 Digital Twin 2.2 Database Management System (DBMS) 2.3 Database Modeling (DBM) 3 Application of MMD in DT by a QA Process Example 4 Discussion and Future Work References Adaptive Manufacturing Based on Active Sampling for Multi-component Individual Assembly 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Problem Specification and Approach 4 Use Case 5 Results 6 Summary References A Requirement Engineering Framework for Smart Cyber-Physical Production System 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 System Description 3.1 Customization Offers in the Platform 3.2 Analyzing Existing System Operation with Customization Offers 3.3 System Needs in the Platform 4 Concept of Operation 5 Requirement Frameworks 5.1 Requirement Engineering and Elicitation 5.2 Systems-Level Requirements 6 Conclusion and Future work References Agile Machine Development from Virtual to Real 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Industry 3.0 to Now 2.2 Current State of the Art – Moving Toward the Ideal Virtual Machine. 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Observations 4.2 Case Study and Physical Artefact 4.3 Literature Considerations 5 Conclusion 6 Future Research References Framework for Adoption of Freeform Injection Molding in DiscreteManufacturing Companies 1 Introduction 2 Main Drivers for FIM Adoption 2.1 Technological Challenges that Can Be Addressed by FIM 2.2 Supply Chain Challenges 2.3 Operational Challenges 3 Framework for FIM Implementation Within an Organization 3.1 Internal Factors 3.2 External Factors 4 Implementing FIM in an Organization 4.1 Awareness Building Workshop in the Case Company 4.2 Case Selection – Supported by Part Identification Tools 4.3 Validation of Identified Parts Considering Case Company Criteria 4.4 Cost Model and Business Case Development 4.5 Change Management Workshop and Roadmap for Implementation 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Machine Learning for Smart Manufacturing Weld Seam Trajectory Planning Using Generative Adversarial Networks 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 2.1 Laser-Based Battery Contacting 2.2 Use Cases for Generative Adversarial Networks 2.3 Need for Action and Objectives 3 Approach 4 Feasibility Study 5 Conclusion and Outlook References A New Authentic Cloud Dataset from a Production Facility for Anomaly Detection 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection 2.1 The General Use Case 2.2 Data Extraction 2.3 Anonymising Production Data 3 Dataset Content 4 Baseline Experiment 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Framework for Potential Analysis by Approximating Line-Less Assembly Systems with AutoML 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Framework for Potential Analysis and Decision Support 4 Application on Use Case 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Data-Driven Identification of Remaining Useful Life for Plastic Injection Moulds 1 Introduction 2 Industrial Data Set 3 Exploratory Analysis of Maintenance and Metrology Data 4 Monitoring of Mould Worn-Out Using MSPC 5 Classification of Mould State 6 Discussion and Conclusion References Clustered Problems and Machine Learning Methodologies: A New Approach 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Flexible Solutions 2.2 Creating Knowledge 3 Contribution 4 Experiments 4.1 Assembly Error Detection 4.2 Gluing Error Detection 4.3 Robot Programming 4.4 Results 5 Discussion 5.1 Limitations and Future Work References Implementing Machine Learning in Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Enterprises 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Motivation 4 Implementation 4.1 Overview 4.2 Project Development Life Cycle for SMEs 5 Case Study 6 Suggestions for Manufacturing SMEs to Adopt ML 7 Conclusions and Future Directions References Global Production and Supply Chain Networks Automated Production Network Planning Under Uncertainty by Developing Representative Demand Scenarios 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Approach 4 Application 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Automated Model Development for the Simulation of Global Production Networks 1 Introduction 1.1 Challenges in GPN Operations 1.2 Challenges in Simulation Development 1.3 Objectives 2 State of the Art 2.1 Efficient and Automated Simulation Development 2.2 Shortcomings 3 Approach for Automated Model Development for GPN 3.1 Overview 3.2 Model of Order Processing in GPN 3.3 Data Identification and Transformation 3.4 General Simulation Modules 3.5 Algorithms for Modeling and Parameterization 4 Conclusion and Outlook References Exploring the Requirements and Challenges in Production Logistics for Different Sectors of the Manufacturing Industry 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Research Method and Data Collection 4 Results 4.1 Expectations on Innovative Approaches in Logistics 4.2 Challenges for the Implementation of Innovative Logistics Concepts 4.3 Approaches to the Transferability of Logistics Concepts 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion and Outlook Appendix References Industry 4.0: The Case-Study of a Global Supply Chain Company 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Industrial Revolutions 2.2 The Principles and Pillars of Industry 4.0 2.3 Industry 4.0 Applied in Many Fields 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Enterprise Process 3.2 Model Bases 3.3 The Model Concept 4 The Case-Study: Global Company 5 Conclusion References Fostering the Diffusion of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in Intermodal Logistics in Italy 1 Introduction 2 Literature Background 2.1 Intermodal Transport 2.2 ITS for Intermodal Logistics 2.3 Barriers to ITS Adoption in Intermodal Logistics 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Operative Needs Connected to ITS Adoption in the Italian Intermodal Logistics Landscape 4.2 ITS Italy 2020 Project: A Focus on Integrated Communication Platform Prototype Solutions 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Concept for a Token-Based Blockchain Architecture for Mapping Manufacturing Processes of Products with Changeable Configurations 1 Introduction 2 Related Works and Rationale of the Research 3 Concept for a Token-Based Blockchain Architecture 3.1 Logical Coupling in BCT 3.2 Logically Coupled Tokens 4 Results and Discussion References Blockchain as a Sustainable Service-Enabler: A Case of Wind Turbine Traceability 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Foundation 2.1 Traceability in Supply Chain Management 2.2 Supply Chain-Based Blockchain Technology 3 Method and Materials 3.1 Data Collection 4 Empirical Setting 4.1 Wind Turbine Life Cycle and the Importance of Service 4.2 A Blockchain-Enabled Service Supply Chain 5 Discussion on the Impact on Sustainability 5.1 Limitation and Future Research Opportunities References Factory and Shop Floor Planning Understanding Shared Autonomy of Collaborative Humans Using Motion Capture System for Simulating Team Assembly 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Predicting Shifting Roles 2.2 Quality Measures for Role and Intention Differentiation 3 Design of Experiment 3.1 Experiment Scenarios: 3.2 Detecting Role Shifts in Collaborative Tasks 3.3 Learning Effect in Shared Autonomy 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Dynamic Task Allocation for Cooperating, Heterogeneous Assembly Resources in LMAS 1 Motivation 2 Line-less Mobile Assembly Systems and Requirements 3 Task Allocation for Mobile Robots in Assembly 4 Dynamic Task Allocation and Formation Planning 4.1 Feasibility of Task Allocation in LMAS 4.2 Multi-agent Based Decision System 4.3 Resource and Product Class Definition 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Risk Assessment in Factory Planning Projects – An Empirical Evaluation of Industrial Practice 1 Introduction 2 Study Design 3 Composition of the Study Sample 4 Key Findings of the Study 5 Summary and Conclusion References Approaches for Generating Synthetic Industrial Load Profiles in Greenfield Energy System Planning 1 Introduction 2 Methodology for the Systematic Literature Review 3 Synthesizing Industrial Load Profiles 3.1 Categories and Dimensions 3.2 Synthetic Load Profile Modeling 4 Conclusion and Outlook References Incremental Manufacturing: Process Planning for a Scalable Production 1 Introduction 2 Approach for an Information Based Planning Tool for IM 2.1 Workflow of the Planning Tool 2.2 Adaptation and Implementation of the Planning Approach for IM 3 Case Study 4 Conclusion and Outlook References Constraints for Motion Generation in Work Planning with Digital Human Simulations 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Related Work 4 Our Proposed Constraints Concept 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion and Outlook References Identification and Categorization of Assembly Information for Collaborative Product Realization 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Method 4 Results 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Balancing Workers in Divisional Serus 1 Introduction and Literature Review 2 A Quantitative Model for Divisional Serus 3 Case Study 3.1 Multi-scenario Analysis 4 Conclusions and Future Research References Data-Driven Approaches for Manufacturing and Variety Management Machine Vision: Error Detection and Classification of Tailored Textiles Using Neural Networks 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Textile Materials 2.2 Image Acquisition and Processing 3 Neural Network 3.1 Transfer Learning 3.2 Cross Validation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Evaluation of the Validation Sets 4.2 Evaluation of the Test Set 5 Conclusion References Similarity-Based Process and Set-Up Time Estimation 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Similarity-Based Process and Set-up Time Estimation 3.1 Data Preparation 3.2 Attribute Impact 3.3 Similarity Analysis 4 Practical Application 4.1 Application of Processing Time Estimation 4.2 Application of Set-Up Time Estimation 5 Conclusion References A Holistic Methodology for Successive Bottleneck Analysis in Dynamic Value Streams of Manufacturing Companies 1 Introduction 2 Related Research 2.1 Methods for Bottleneck Identification 2.2 Methods for Bottleneck Forecasting 3 Methodology for Bottleneck Analysis 4 Conclusion and Outlook References A Data-Driven Approach for Option-Specific Order Freeze Points in Mass-Customized Production 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 2.1 Order Fulfillment Process in Industrial Production 2.2 Option-Specific Order Freeze Points 2.3 Data-Driven Technologies in Mass-Customized Production 3 Methodology 3.1 Requirements 3.2 Data Utilization 3.3 Concept 4 Real-World Use Case 4.1 Use Case Specification 4.2 Experimental Results 5 Conclusion References Impact of Dough Property Characterization on Industrial Bread Production 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Laboratory Results 4 Industrial Application 5 Conclusion References Complexity Management in Engineer-To-Order Industry: A Design-Time Estimation Model for Engineering Processes 1 Introduction 2 Research Method 2.1 Data Collection 3 Method and Configurator Demonstration at the Case Company 3.1 Identified Complexity Drivers 3.2 Identifying the Complexity Drivers 3.3 Design-Estimation Time Model 3.4 Configurator 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Design Catalogues as Knowledge-Base for CAD-Based Design Automation 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Roth’s Design Catalogues 2.2 Knowledge-Based Engineering and Knowledge-Based CAD 3 RDC-Based Engineering Environment 4 Application for Industrial Dust Separators 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Implicit and Explicit Modeling of Uncertainty in Early Design Stages of Product Design: A Comparative Study 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and Theoretical Background 2.1 Robust Numerical Optimization 2.2 Bayesian Decision Network 3 Study Outline and Application Example 4 Comparison of Implicit and Explicit Modeling 4.1 Implicit and Explicit Robustness Analysis of the Example 4.2 Comparative Study 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Applying Modular Function Deployment for Non-assembled Products in the Process Industry 1 Introduction 2 Modular Function Deployment 3 Methodology 3.1 Company Description 3.2 Modular Function Deployment Approach 4 Findings 4.1 Selection of Technical Solutions 4.2 Module Concept Generation 4.3 Module Evaluation 5 Discussion 6 Concluding Remarks References Parametric Topology Synthesis of a Short-Shaft Hip Endoprosthesis Based on Patient-Specific Osteology 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Classification of Individualization Approaches 2.2 Medical Reverse Engineering 3 Reverse Engineering of a Short-Shaft Hip Arthroplasty 3.1 Detection of Osteological and Anatomical Boundary Conditions in Short Stem Arthroplasty with 3D Geometry Data Acquisition from CT Scans 3.2 Development of the Biomedical Application: Design of Parametric Short Shaft Endoprosthesis 4 Critical Evaluation of the Procedure 5 Summary and Outlook References Exploring a Data-Augmented Approach for Improved Module Driver Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Modular Function Deployment 3 Methodology 4 Quantifiable Dimensions of Module Drivers 5 Industrial Case 5.1 Mapping Module Drivers to Available Data 5.2 Module Driver Quantification Proposals 5.3 Results Visualization and Evaluation 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Characteristic-Oriented Complexity Cost Analysis for Evaluating Individual Product Attributes 1 Introduction 2 Research Method and State of the Art 2.1 Terms and Definitions 2.2 Research Method 2.3 State of the Art in Variant and Complexity Cost Analysis 3 Evaluation of Individual Attributes for Product Characteristics 3.1 Introduction to the Framework 3.2 Application of the Framework for a Flow Diverter 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Product Architecture Mining: Identifying Current Architectural Solutions 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Ontology and Data Mining Process 3.1 Interface Mining Process 4 Example 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Digital Transformation and Maturity Assessment An ‘End to End’ Methodological Framework to Assist SMEs in the Industry 4.0 Journey from a Sectoral Perspective - an Empirical Study in the Oil and Gas Sector 1 Introduction 2 Context: Digital Transformation Program SMEs 4.0 3 Cycle Methodology 4 Implementation and Results 5 Conclusions References RAISE 4.0: A Readiness Assessment Instrument Aimed at Raising SMEs to Industry 4.0 Starting Levels – an Empirical Field Study 1 Introduction 2 Context and Development 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Define Scope, Design and Populate 2.3 RAISE 4.0: Assessment Instrument for SMEs 3 Deployment: Main Findings from a Field Study 4 Conclusions 1. References Industry 4.0 Holds a Great Potential for Manufacturers, So Why haven’t They Started? 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Findings 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Identifying Production Improvement Opportunities Enabled by Digital Innovation: The Digital Factory Mapping Approach 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 The “Digital Factory Mapping” Approach 4 Testing the “Digital Factory Mapping” Approach 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Development of a Human-Centered Implementation Strategy for Industry 4.0 Exemplified by Digital Shopfloor Management 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Human-Centered, Step-By-Step I4.0 Implementation 4 Practical Application – First Insights 5 Discussion and Outlook References Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks - Towards a Digital Transformation Strategy at the Shop Floor Management Level: A Case Study from the Renewable Energy Industry 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.2 Formulating a Digital Transformation Strategy 3 Methodology 4 Case Study 5 Results 6 Conclusion References The Effect of Digital Maturity on Strategic Approaches to Digital Transformation 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Implementing Virtual Prototyping for the Production of Customized Products: An SME Study 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Identifying the Barriers 2.2 Case Study 2.3 Case Description 3 Results 3.1 Case Study 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Smart Products, Services and Product-Service Systems Leveraging the Value of Data in the Continuum of Products and Services: Business Types in the Function-Oriented Offerings Model 1 Introduction 2 Conception of the Function-Oriented Offerings Model 2.1 Value of Data 3 Virtual Configuration 3.1 The Function-Oriented Offerings Model 4 Business Types in the FOO-Model 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Framing Development Methodologies for Product-Service Systems 1 Introduction 2 Elementary Model of PSS Value Creation Systems 3 PSS Development Strategies 3.1 Development Strategy “Total” 3.2 Development Strategy “Local” 3.3 Development Strategy “Integral” 4 PSS Development Methodologies and Design Processes 4.1 “Total” Design Processes 4.2 “Local” Design Processes 4.3 “Integral” Design Processes 5 Conclusion R