Towards a Carbon Neutral Future: The Proceedings of The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Buildings and Structures (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 393)

This book collects the contributions presented at the 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Buildings and Structures ICSBS2023 (Suzhou, China, 17-20 Aug 2023). This conference represents a effort of Design School of Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, together with international and local co-organizing partners from academia, industry, and professional societies. The collection aims at sharing the state-of-the-art sustainable approaches for future carbon neutrality in the built environment. This work covers a wide range of topics, including sustainable materials and infrastructures, green building design and engineering, smart construction engineering and management, sustainable urbanism and architecture, circular economy, and innovation in education for sustainable development. The contributions were selected through a rigorous peer-review process internationally. They presented the state-of-the-art ideas and approaches in engineering practices and education towards achieving a carbon-neutral tomorrow in the built environment. The collection will be of interest to academics, professionals, industry representatives, and local government officials involved in civil engineering, architecture, urban planning, structural engineering, construction management, and other related fields. The readers will be inspired by novel techniques and ideas of carbon-neutral sustainable development for the built environment. Contents Green Building Design and Engineering A Comprehensive Review on Design Approaches of Adaptive Photovoltaic Façade 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Design Methods 3.1 Design Methods at City Scale 3.2 Building Scale 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References BIM, IoT, and Big Data Integration Framework in the Green Building Industry 1 Introduction 2 States of the Art 2.1 BIM-IoT in GBI 2.2 BIM-Big Data in GBI 2.3 IoT-Big Data in GBI 3 BIM, IoT, and Big Data Integration Framework in GBI 3.1 BIM-IoT Big Data Input 3.2 BIM-IoT Big Data Cloud Storage 3.3 BIM-IoT Big Data Resource Management 3.4 BIM-IoT Big-Data Analytics 3.5 BIM-IoT Big-Data Application 4 Conclusions References Assessing the Energy Performance of Low-Rise Modularised Lightweight Steel-Framed Residential Buildings in China: Case Study of a Shanghai Suburb 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Case Study 2.2 Benchmarks and Scenarios 3 Results and Conclusion References Energy Efficiency Optimization of Different Curved Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Façades by a Parametric Shape Design Method: A Cross-Region Study 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Case Study 2.2 Building Simulation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Meteorological Parameters Comparison in Typical Cities 3.2 PV Generation of Different Curved BIPV Facades 3.3 Comparison of Production Optimization Strategies for Different Curved Façade Types 4 Conclusions References Embracing Local Biodiversity in Sustainable High-Rise Facades in Subtropical China 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Literature Review 3 Case Study: The Future Complex in Longgang, Shenzhen 3.1 The Green Building Design Approach of IBR 3.2 The Future Complex Building’s Green Façade System 3.3 Biodiversity Survey Results 4 Discussion and Findings 5 Summary References AI-Based Models in Support of Human-Centric Indoor Environment Design: Towards Climate-Adaptive Façade Design Integrating Occupant Satisfaction 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 AI-Based Model Application in the Built Environment 3.1 AI-Based Model Application for Occupant Behavior, Health, and Satisfaction 3.2 Occupant Satisfaction as Parameter in AI-Based Models, and Applications to Building Systems 4 AI-Based Model Application on Façade Design 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Consideration on Carbon Emission of Existing Buildings in the Stage of Ultra-Low Energy Consumption Reconstruction 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection 3 Model Calculation and Result Analysis 3.1 Impact Classification 3.2 Index Analysis 3.3 Development Potential 4 Conclusion References Analysis of Energy Saving of Building Envelope in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region—Take an Office Building as Example 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of the Envelope 2.2 Main Problems of Building Envelope Energy Efficiency 2.3 Importance to Retrofit Different Parts of the Building Envelope 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Literature Research Method 3.2 Software Simulation Method 3.3 Controlled Variable Method 4 Data Analysis 4.1 Selection of Architectural Models 4.2 Set Up with Reference to the Building Envelope 4.3 Energy Saving Analysis of Individual Energy Saving Retrofit Technologies 4.4 Ranking of the Importance of the Various Components of the Envelope 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 6 Limitations References An Experimental Study on the Effects of Temperature and Humidity Levels on Human Thermal Comfort During Running 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Related Studies on the Thermal Comfort 1.3 Study Objective 2 Method 2.1 Participants and Experimental Condition 2.2 Measurement 2.3 Testing and Survey Procedure 2.4 Statistical Analysis 3 Result 3.1 Questionnaire Result 3.2 Comparison with the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Model 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Study on the Design of Interior Lighting for the Environmental Satisfaction of Patients in Wards 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Study Design 2.2 Situation Investigation 2.3 A Randomized Controlled Trial 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Participants’ Characteristics 3.2 Subjective Assessment of the Situation of the Lighting Environment in Wards 3.3 Patient Comfort Ratings for Different Lighting Combinations 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Modular Façade Retrofit with Integrated Photovoltaics-Current Status and Future Development Demands 1 Introduction 2 Research Method 3 Findings 3.1 General Trend of Research Interests 3.2 Definition of Modular Façade Retrofit with Integrated Photovoltaics MFRIPV 3.3 Representative Modular Façade Retrofit Studies with BIPV Technologies 4 Future Exploration for Promoting the Application of MFRIPV 5 Conclusion References Study on the Synthetic Action of Environmental Factors on the Work Stress of Medical Staff 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Study Design 2.2 Measurement 2.3 Observation 2.4 Questionnaire Surveys 2.5 Control Experiment 2.6 Interview 3 Result 3.1 Illumination and Colour Temperature of the Light 3.2 Consultations of Surveys and Interviews 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions 6 Informed Consent Statement References Assessing Economic, Social and Environmental Implications of Implementing Sustainability in the Built Environment 1 Introduction 2 Implications of Implementating Sustainability 2.1 Environmental Implications 2.2 Social Implications 2.3 Economic Implications 3 Research Method 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Respondents Profile 4.2 Extent of the Implementation of Three Pillars 4.3 Implications of Implementing Three Pillars 5 Limitations 6 Conclusion References The Impact of the University Built Environment on Students’ Mental Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Review and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Infrared Thermography in Building Energy Modelling: A Review 1 Introduction and Methodology 2 Building Energy Modelling (BEM) and Urban Building Energy Modelling (UBEM) 2.1 Scope 2.2 Input Data 3 Development and Application of UAV and IRT 3.1 UAV and IRT Development and Applications 3.2 Integration in BEM 3.3 Limitation and Problems 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Fatigue Prediction of Attached Lifting Scaffolding Guide Rails Based on Midas Gen/Abaqus 1 Introduction 2 Overview 3 Finite Element Simulation of the Attached Lifiting Scaffolding 4 Load Application and Load Combination 4.1 Constant Load 4.2 Live Load 4.3 Wind Load 4.4 Load Combination 4.5 Constraint Application 5 The Finite Element Model Calculation Results and Analysis 5.1 Operating Conditions 5.2 Lifting Conditions 6 Summary of the Finite Element Model 7 Fatigue Life Analysis of Guide Rails 7.1 Establish the Finite Element Model of Guide Rails Based on Abaqus 7.2 Fatigue Life Curve of Guide Rails Based on Fe-Safe 7.3 Strength Calculation of Attached Support 8 Conclusion References Circular Economy and Sustainable Development Research on Energy-Saving Technology of High Efficient Recycling and Ladder-Form Utilization of Mid- and Low-Temperature Waste Heat in Large Hospital 1 Introduction 2 Survey and Problem of Steam Heating and Disinfection System in a Large Hospital 3 System Repair 4 Improve the Thermal Efficiency of the System 5 The Beneficial Effects of the System 6 Conclusion References Drivers of Circular Economy Adoption in the South African Construction Industry 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Challenges to Circular Economy Adoption: South African Built Environment Professionals’ Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Designing Out Waste: A Literature Review 1 Introduction 1.1 Circular Economy 1.2 Circular Design 1.3 Four Key Tenets of Circular Design 2 Methodology 2.1 Search Strategy 2.2 Analysis Strategy 3 Results 4 Designing Out Waste 4.1 Material Reuse and Recovery 4.2 Construction Waste Management 5 Future Research Directions References Sustainability Assessment Practices in the Construction Industry: The Untold Story of South Africa 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion of Findings 5 Conclusion and Recommendations References Research and Practice of Energy Saving Renovation Technology for Multi-zone Collaborative Network Operation of Central Air Conditioning Water System 1 Introduction 2 Feasibility Study 2.1 Preliminary Study 2.2 Theory of Technical Transformation 2.3 Principle of Technical Transformation 2.4 Applicable Scope of Technical Transformation 3 Engineering Application 3.1 Process Schematic Diagram 3.2 Key to Technical Transformation 3.3 Specific Operational Key Points for Renovation Construction 3.4 Debugging of System Network Operation 4 Effect After Transformation 5 Conclusion References Application of Circular Economy in Facility Maintenance and Management: Moving Towards a Low Carbon Future 1 Introduction 2 The Concept of Circular Economy Principles 2.1 The Importance of Closed-Loop Design 2.2 Means of Efficient Use of Resources 2.3 Waste as a Resource Perspective 3 Application of Circular Economy in Facility Maintenance and Management 3.1 Manage Policy and Process Improvement 3.2 Sustainability Improvements in Facility Design 3.3 Waste Management and Efficient Use of Renewable Resources 4 Quantitative Application of Circular Economy in Facility Maintenance and Management 4.1 Algorithms to Optimize Energy Use Efficiency of Data Centre Cooling Facilities 4.2 Formulas and Calculations for Quantifying the Effectiveness of Facility Maintenance and Management 4.3 Case Study and Validation Scheme of Circular Economy in Hong Kong. 5 Conclusion References Sustainable Urbanism and Architecture Study on Sustainable Urban Block Form for Urban Ventilation—Nanjing as an Example 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Current Status of Domestic and International Research 1.3 Significance of the Study 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Map Data Acquisition 2.2 CFD Software Simulation 2.3 Morphological Index Analysis 3 Experimental Data and Simulation Conditions Setting 3.1 Sample Selection 3.2 Modeling the Wind Field 4 Experimental Results and Analysis 4.1 Average Wind Speed Analysis 4.2 Analysis of the Area Share of the Low Wind Speed Zone at Pedestrian Height 4.3 Correlation Analysis Between Block Morphological Coefficients and Wind Environment Parameters 5 Conclusion References Crack Detection of Masonry Structure Based on Infrared and Visible Image Fusion and Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Crack Image Acquisition 4 Convolutional Neural Networks 5 Results Analysis 6 Conclusion References Generating Social Sustainability Through Placemaking: A Study of Everyday Lived Space in Basha Miao Settlement 1 Instructions 2 Literature Review 2.1 Social Sustainability in a Rural Context 2.2 Understanding the Locale from an Everyday and Relational Perspective 3 Methods 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Fieldwork 3.3 Observation and Documentation 3.4 Cognitive Mapping and Interview 3.5 Interviews on Other Stakeholders 4 Context: Basha Miao Settlement 5 Case Studies: Everyday Lived Spaces in Basha 5.1 Sitting Spaces in Alleys 5.2 Water Well 5.3 Lusheng Ping 6 Discussion and Conclusion 6.1 Parallel Spaces: From Developers to the Locale 6.2 Beyond the Built Environment: Society and Nature 6.3 Placemaking: A Space of Kinship and Care References Study on the Design Method of Urban Renewal Based on Carbon Emissions and Carbon Sinks Calculation: A Case Study of Environmental Improvement Project of Suzhou Industrial Investment Science and Technology Innovation Park 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Basis 3 Method 3.1 Project Overview 3.2 Model Construction 4 Results 5 Discussion 5.1 Reasonable Demolition and Construction to Avoid High Carbon Emissions from Non-essential Demolition 5.2 Three-Dimensional Parking, Saving and Intensive Use of Land 5.3 Low-Carbon Materials, Optimizing the Using Structure and Production Process of Building Materials 5.4 High Carbon-Sequestration Plants to Increase Carbon Sinks 6 Conclusion References Implementation-Oriented Renewal Planning of Suburb Townlet in South Jiangsu: A Case Study of Zhangpu Old Town in Kunshan 1 Introduction 2 Dilemma Faced by Small Suburban Towns in Southern Jiangsu 2.1 Unclear Positioning: Disorderly Construction Under the Game of Multiple Subjects 2.2 Lack of Characteristic: The Lack of Humanities Under Rapid Urbanization 2.3 Insufficient Space: Inefficient Development Under Extensive Space Growth 2.4 Poor Quality: Spatial Collage Under the Urban–Rural Dichotomy 3 A Framework for Regeneration of Small Suburban Towns in Southern Jiangsu 3.1 Repositioning Under the Dual Orientation of “Challenge” and “Opportunity” 3.2 Comprehensive Assessment of the Current Situation from a Multi-Factor Overlay 3.3 Organic Renewal Guided Regeneration Planning Scheme 3.4 Key Project-Oriented Regeneration Implementation Plan 4 Regeneration Planning Practice in Zhangpu Old Town, Kunshan 4.1 Strategic Repositioning: Reviving the Old Town and Creating a Vibrant Community 4.2 Comprehensive Assessment of Current Situation: Spatial Evaluation and Identification of Differentiated Regeneration Spaces 4.3 Renewal Planning Scheme: The Revival of Zhangpu Old Town 4.4 Renewal Implementation Plan: Multi-Pronged and Project-Based Approaches 5 Conclusion References Research on ‘5–10–15 Minutes Life Circle’ Planning in Urban Boundary Based on Landscape—Led Method—A Case Study in Beiqiao Town, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Literature Review 1.3 Aim 1.4 Objective and Method 1.5 Research Framework 2 Beiqiao 2.1 Background 2.2 Determination of Site 3 Investigation and Research 3.1 Questionnaire Details Statistics 3.2 Analysis on Indicators of Life Circle 3.3 Analysis on Indicators of Landscape Guidance 4 Landscape-Led Method to ‘5–10–15 Minutes Life Circle’ Delineation 4.1 ‘5 Minutes Life Circle’ 4.2 ‘10 Minutes Life Circle’ 4.3 ‘15 Minutes Life Circle’ 4.4 Landscape-Led Method 4.5 Model Construction 4.6 Delineation of the Site's Circle of Life 5 Conclusion 5.1 Faultiness 5.2 Further Study Appendix References Retrofitting the Old Residential Communities to Save Energy, Reduce Carbon Emissions, and Improve the Microclimate: A Case Study of Panmen Residential Neighbourhood in Suzhou, China 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Tools and Software 2.2 Meteorological Data 2.3 Case Study 2.4 Simulated Period Selection 2.5 Retrofit Measures 3 Results 3.1 Air Temperature 3.2 Relative Humidity (RH) 3.3 Ventilation 3.4 Monthly Energy Performance 4 Conclusion References Water Quality Inversion of UAV Multispectral Data Using Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Data Collection and Preprocessing 4 Models and Results 4.1 CNN Model 4.2 BP Model 4.3 Result and Conclusion References Green Open Spaces as Catalysts of Culture-Led Urban Regeneration: Case Study of Yuyuan Cultural Heritage Neighborhood, Shanghai 1 Introduction 2 Culture-LED Urban Regeneration in Shanghai 2.1 CLR in Shanghai 2.2 Cultural Heritage Neighborhoods in Shanghai 3 Culture-LED Urban Regeneration in Yuyuan CHN, Shanghai 3.1 Introduction and Regeneration Phases of Yuyuan 3.2 Three GOSs in Yuyuan 3.3 Public Art and Cultural Events in Yuyuan’s GOSs 3.4 Everyday Life in Yuyuan’s GOSs 4 Conclusions References Digital Oriented Museum Design Based on Collective Memory—Case Study of Bache Old Town 1 Introductions 2 Theory 2.1 Collective Memory 2.2 Digital Space Technology 3 Research Method 3.1 Desktop Study 3.2 Walk-Along Walk-And-Talk Participatory Research 3.3 Coding Analysis 4 Research Outcomes 4.1 Desktop Study 4.2 Field Research Interview Content Collated to Extract Collective Memory 4.3 Image Capture Classification 4.4 Design Proposal 5 Conclusions and Reflection References Heritage BIM for Sustainable Development Based on 3D Reconstruction and Semantic Enhancement 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Case Study 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Processing and Fusion 3.3 Decoding the Semantic of Twin Pagodas with Architectural Research 3.4 HBIM Components 4 Discussion and Future Work 5 Conclusion References Review on Ventilation Efficiency and Planning of Urban Blocks in the Context of Carbon Neutrality 1 Introduction 2 Relationship Between Urban Ventilation and Carbon Neutrality 3 Study of Ventilation Efficiency in Urban Neighborhoods 3.1 Neighborhood Wind Environment Testing Techniques 3.2 Neighborhood Wind Environment Evaluation Methods 3.3 Neighborhood Ventilation Efficiency Study 4 Study on Ventilation Planning in Neighborhoods 4.1 Current Status of Ventilation Planning in Urban Neighborhoods 4.2 Methods and Techniques of Urban Neighborhood Ventilation Planning 4.3 Case Studies of Ventilation Planning in Urban Neighborhoods 5 Conclusion 5.1 Shortcomings of Current Research on Urban Neighborhood Ventilation 5.2 Methodology and Focus of Future Urban Neighborhood Ventilation Research References How Sea Level Rise Impacts the Economy: A Study on Elevation’s Impact on Property Value Growth in Pinellas County, FL, USA 1 Introduction 2 Research Questions 3 Literature Review 4 Methodology 4.1 Sample Selection: Single-Family Houses no Higher Than an Elevation of 4 M 4.2 Economic Analysis 5 Modeling and Findings 5.1 Price Index Analysis 5.2 Hedonic Pricing Modeling 6 Summary of Findings 7 Conclusion References Exploring the Role of NGOs in Rural Revitalization of Jiang Village 1 Introduction 2 Rural Revitalization and Non-governmental Organisations in Jiang Village 2.1 Rural Revitalization 2.2 Non-governmental Organizations in Rural Revitalization 2.3 Jiang Village 3 Methods Using in Investigation 3.1 Chosen Method 3.2 Chosen Reasons 3.3 Sampling in the Semi-structure Interview 3.4 Process of the Semi-structure Interview 3.5 Semi-structure Interview Results Analysis 4 Effectiveness and Dilemmas of NGOS in Rural Revitalization in Jiang Village 4.1 Current Situation of NGOs’ Participation 4.2 SWOT Analysis 5 Conclusion and Limitations References Greening the Public Realm: Incorporating Bio-Diversity into City Spaces 1 Introduction 2 The Challenges of Greening in Urban Public Areas 2.1 Land Abuse and Unreasonable Urban Design 3 The Solutions of Urban Space Afforest Issues by Integrating Biodiversity into Urban Space 3.1 Planning and Designing Urban Public Space Based on Land Guarantee and Diversity of Animals and Plants 3.2 To Suit Local Conditions and Fully Explore the Value of Various Plants 3.3 Reasonable Allocation, Multi-Layer Community Structure and Urban Ecosystem Protection 3.4 Strengthen Research and Provide Technical and Management Tools 4 Studies of Empirical Cases 4.1 San Jose, Costa Rica – the Optimal Design of the Spatial Plant Structure of “Sweet City” Attracts More Biological Returns 4.2 Milan, Italy – the Three-Dimensional Space Vegetation Design of “Vertical Forest” Creates High-Quality Urban Green Space 5 Conclusion References Indoor Thermal Comfort Prediction Model for Patients in Rehabilitation Wards 1 Introduction 2 Thermal Comfort Investigation in the Healthcare Environment 3 Thermal Comfort Prediction Model 4 Methodology 5 Case Study 5.1 Study Area 5.2 Experimental Setting 5.3 Experimental Procedure 5.4 Subjects 5.5 Academic Ethics Consideration 6 Descriptive Results Analysis 6.1 Statistical Analysis 6.2 Performance of Statistic Model 7 Results of the Prediction Model 7.1 Model Structure 7.2 The Influence of Influential Variables 7.3 Top 10 Combinations Among Spatial and Health-Related Parameters 8 Conclusion References Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation and 3D Reconstruction Techniques for Automatic Detection and Localization of Thermal Defects in Building Envelopes 1 Introduction 2 Framework for Automatic Detection and Localization 2.1 Framework Overview 2.2 IRT Data Collection 2.3 Data Pre-processing 2.4 Data Labeling 2.5 Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation 2.6 Dataset Evaluation and Analysis 2.7 UAV Data Collection and Reconstruction of Point Cloud Model 2.8 Creating Control Points and Alignment Point Cloud 2.9 Visualization and Positioning of Thermal Defects in 3D Models 3 Conclusion References Smart Construction Engineering and Management Methods of Managing Construction Information in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Era 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Discussion of Findings 5 Conclusion References Incorporating Cryptocurrency Platforms for Advancing Financial Transaction Within the Construction Industry 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Discussion of Findings 5 Conclusion References Semantic Enhanced Segmentation Based on Thermal Images with Superpixel 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Preprocessing 2.2 Superpixel Boundary Identification 2.3 Improved Semantic Segmentation with Superpixel 3 Case Study 3.1 Data Preprocessing 3.2 Superpixel Improved Semantic Segmentation 4 Conclusion References Data Representation and Information Exchange of Large-Scale Solar PV Power Plant Harness Using Open BIM Standards 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Review of BIM-Based Photovoltaic System 2.2 The IFC Standard 2.3 The IDM/MVD Approach 3 Methodology 3.1 Developing a Solar PV Harness IDM 3.2 MVD Development 3.3 MVD Implementation and Validation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 IEC Harness MVD and Validation Results 4.2 Limitations and Future Challenges 5 Conclusion References Towards a Conceptual Framework of Construction Waste Management to Support Sustainable Development: The Case of Smart Integrated Construction System (SICS) 1 Introduction 2 Singapore Construction Waste Management 3 Methodology 4 Case Study 5 Construction Waste Management Framework Based on SICS 6 Conclusion References Information Requirement Analysis for Establishing BIM-Oriented Natural Language Interfaces 1 Introduction 2 Previous Studies on BIM Data Query 3 Information Requirement Analysis of BIM Queries 3.1 Classification of Constraints in BIM Queries 3.2 Occurrence Frequency of Different Entities and Constraints in BIM Queries 3.3 Question Forms 3.4 Discussion of Results 4 Conclusion References An Automatic Attribute Data Encoding Method for Prefabricated Structural Elements 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Literature Review 2 Methodology 2.1 Identify Optimization Processes 2.2 Determine the Data Encoding Range 2.3 Develop a Prototype Program 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Holistic Review of Research on Off-Site Construction (OSC): A Three-Step Holistic Summary Method 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 3.1 Bibliometric Search 3.2 Scientometric Analysis 3.3 Qualitative Discussion 4 Results of Findings 4.1 Research trend in OSC 4.2 Science Mapping of Journal Sources 4.3 Keywords Network 5 Co-Authorship Analysis 6 Discussion 7 Main Research Topics in the Field of OSC 8 The Integration of OSC and Other Concepts 9 Future Research Direction of OSC 10 Conclusion References PAR-Based Architectural Pedagogy: A Case Study of Gridshell Design and Built Projects 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Education 4.0 for Post-Digital Architectural Pedagogy 2.2 Participatory Action Research for Architectural Study 3 Results 3.1 Long-Span Design Studio 3.2 Lightweight Timber Gridshell Pavilion 3.3 Tessellation Pavilion 4 Conclusion References Structural Assessment Methods for Architectural Façade Elements in Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration Between Architects and Structural Engineers 1 Introduction 2 Collaboration Between Architects and Structural Engineers 3 Structural Assessment Methods in Architecture and Engineering 3.1 Analytical Methods 3.2 Finite Element Analysis and Parametric Tools Enabled Structural Analysis 4 A Collaborative Process Between Architects and Structural Engineers in the Design of Parametric Façade Elements 4.1 Collaboration Workflow Overview 4.2 Parametric Freeform Façade Geometric Design 4.3 Conceptual Structural Simulation in Karamba3D 4.4 Simulation in ABAQUS 5 Summary References A Risk Evaluation Index System for Infrastructure PPP Model Based on FAHP Method 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Development of Infrastructure PPP Project Risk Index System 2.2 Survey Design Based on Delphi Method 2.3 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process 3 Case Application 3.1 Case Introduction 3.2 Fuzzy Evaluation Results of the Case Study 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References Smart Construction Engineering and Management 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 2 Literature Review 2.1 Industry 4.0 2.2 Building Information Modeling 3 Methodology 3.1 Literature Research Method 3.2 Case Analysis Method 4 Case Study 4.1 Smart Construction Sites 4.2 Material Acceptance System Installation 4.3 Quality Management System 4.4 Safety Management System 4.5 Production Management System 4.6 Production Schedule Management System 4.7 Project Application BIM Stage Site Layout Planning Case 5 Limitation 5.1 BIM Technology Compatibility Needs to be Improved 5.2 Insufficient Technical Personnel 6 Conclusion and Recommendation References A Digital Twin (DT) Framework at Design and Construction Phases 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Research on DT Application in China 2.2 Research on DT Application Abroad 3 Methodology 4 The Application Framework of Digital Twin 4.1 Virtual Entity 4.2 Physical Space 4.3 Digital Twin Engine 4.4 Application Layer in the Physical Environment 5 Case Study 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Sustainable Materials and Infrastructure Post-fire Material Response of Structural Aluminum Alloys 1 Introduction 2 Testing Program 2.1 Overview 2.2 Heating Tests 2.3 Post-fire Material Tests 3 Post-fire Material Properties 3.1 Overview 3.2 Post-fire Young’s Modulus 3.3 Post-fire 0.2% Proof Strength 3.4 Post-fire Ultimate Strength 4 Conclusions References Design and Characterization of Architected Cellular Composite Material Embedded with Strain Rate Dependent Foam 1 Introduction 2 Material and methods 2.1 Geometric Designs of Strain Rate-Dependent Multistable Architected Composite Material (SMACM) 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Materials 2.3 Numerical Simulations 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of SRD Foam on the Mechanical Behavior of Curved Beam Unit Cell 3.2 Mechanical Behavior of SRD Foam Filled Curved Beam Unit Cell and Planar Array 4 Summary References Influence of Manufacturing Factors on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Soft Architected Composite 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Core Geometries and Fabrication of SAC Units 2.2 Mechanical Tests 2.3 Effect of 3D Printing Machine 2.4 Effect of Cyclic Loading 3 Conclusions References At-Rest Lateral Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls Under Narrow Backfill Widths 1 Introduction 2 Related Work on K0 3 Methodology 3.1 Key Factors in Numerical Simulations 3.2 Setup of the Finite Element Model 3.3 Key Factors 4 Results 4.1 Model Validation 4.2 The Effects of Backfill Widths and Soil Properties on K0 5 Conclusion References Exploring the Onset of Liquefaction of Saturated Loose Sand Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Using DEM 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Details 2.1 Model Characteristics and Preparation 2.2 Loading Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Global Warming Potential Comparison of Lime and Cement-Based Masonry Repair Mortars 1 Introduction 1.1 Goal and Scope 1.2 Literature Review 2 Methodology 3 Inventory Analysis 4 Impact Assessment 5 Compatibility Impact 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusions References Properties of Self-compacting Concrete Incorporating Recycled Tyre Rubber Particles—A Review 1 Introduction 2 Fresh Properties 3 Mechanical Properties 4 Conclusions References Two-Scale Lightweight Optimization by Infilling Optimized Organic Truss-Based Lattice Material Based on the Principal Stress Trajectories 1 Introduction 2 Multi-Dimensional Lightweight Optimization Method 2.1 Topology Optimization for a Design Framework with High Shape Efficiency 2.2 Space Tessellation Driven by Principal Stress 2.3 Conformal Organic Material Infilling by Subdivision Surface (Sub-D) Modelling 3 Experimental Testing and Discussion 4 Conclusion References A Brief Overview of the Applications and Potentials of Fractal Geometry in Sustainable Structures Design 1 Introduction 2 Fractal Geometry 2.1 What is Fractal? 2.2 Fractal Dimension 2.3 Fractal Applications in the Built Environment 3 Fractals and Structural Design: Efficiency Finding 3.1 Fractals and Forces: Repetition of Efficiency Factors 3.2 Fractal Structures: One-Dimensional Beam Components 3.3 Fractal Structures: Two-Dimensional Surface Components 4 Fractal Structures: Constructability 5 Conclusion References Exploring a High Strength Paste with Suitable Rheological Properties for Pervious Concrete 1 Introduction 1.1 Materials 1.2 Mix Proportioning 1.3 Sample Preparation 2 Experimental Procedures 2.1 Mini-slump Test 2.2 Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength Test for Paste 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compressive Strength for Paste in Orthogonal Test 3.2 Flexural Strength for Paste in Orthogonal Test 4 Conclusion References Investigation of the Compressive Behaviours of Waste-Containing FRP-Confined Concrete Columns 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 2 Wastes Used in Concrete 2.1 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 2.2 Recycled Concrete Aggregates 2.3 Combination of SCM and RCA in Concrete 3 FRP-Confined Concrete 3.1 The Mechanics of FRP Confinement 3.2 Concrete Unconfined Strength and FRP-Confined Concrete Performance 3.3 FRP-Confined Concrete Models 4 Finite Element Analysis 4.1 Modelling in ABAQUS 4.2 Material Model 4.3 CFRP-Concrete Interface 4.4 Numerical Simulation 5 Results and Discussions 5.1 Mesh Sensitivity 5.2 Stress–Strain Relationships 5.3 Test and Failure Modes 6 Conclusion References Low Carbon Self-healing Concrete—Mixture Analysis 1 Introduction 1.1 Materials and Methodology 1.2 Results Obtained 1.3 Dynamic Elastic Modulus 2 Conclusions References Architected Lattice-Reinforced Composites for Cementitious Material and Asphalt Concrete Toward Lightweight and Energy Absorption 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Materials 2.1 Fabrication 2.2 Experiments 2.3 Modelling 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of Geometric Variations on Bending Beha