Toward Sustainable Regions: Essays in Honor of Kiyoko Hagihara (New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 73)

This book deals with regional sustainability, which is one of the biggest issues in Japan today, and presents suggested methods and cases to show how regional management should be carried out. Today, regions in Japan are facing long-term global challenges such as changes in climate and in international relations, as well as regional financial difficulties due to depopulation and aging. Additional causes are the decline of traditional culture and community sustainability, the crisis of public services, inner- and inter-regional disparities, disaster response, and other local and region-specific issues that are intricately related. To meet the challenge of those issues, local actors must deal with the regional issues themselves and solve them in cooperation with various other stakeholders. From this perspective, the book exhibits regional management frameworks, focusing especially on evaluation, decision making, and aid in multi-dimensional approaches, and examines case studies for making regions sustainable by allowing diverse actors to realize diverse values and standards in cooperation. The chapters cover a wide range of disciplines, including urban science, economics, geography, landscape, real estate, and public finance, which makes it possible to shed light on a particular region. This book comprises a collection of essays celebrating the life and work of Kiyoko Hagihara, honorary professor of the Graduate School of Urban Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan. Essay contributors include her former students as well as regional scientists with similar interests. Preface Contents Chapter 1: Greening in Vacant Lots and Regional Community in Urban Area 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Research Methods 1.2.1 The Areas Targeted by the Study 1.2.2 Examination Methods 1.2.2.1 Questionnaire Survey 1.2.2.2 Field Survey of Vacant Lots 1.2.3 Analytic Methods 1.3 Group Territory in Residential Areas and Residents ́ Awareness 1.3.1 The Relationship Between the Effects of Vacant Lots and Group Territory 1.3.1.1 The Structure of Residents ́ Awareness of the Functions of Vacant Lots 1.3.1.2 The Relationship Between the Strength of Group Territory and the Effects of Vacant Lots 1.3.2 The Relationship Between Group Territory and Personal Attributes 1.3.2.1 Personal Attributes 1.3.2.2 Activities in the Residential Area 1.3.2.3 The Views on Region and Society 1.4 Using Vacant Lots as Green Spaces 1.4.1 The Functions of Green Space 1.4.2 Residents ́ Awareness of Weeds in Vacant Lots 1.4.3 The Possibility for People ́s Participation in Maintenance and Greening 1.5 The Relationship Between the Number of Vacant Lots and Residents ́ Awareness 1.6 Summary References Chapter 2: Challenges of a Large Park that Can Be Seen in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case of Hitachi Seaside Park 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of Hitachi Seaside Park 2.3 Hitachi Seaside Park During the Coronavirus Pandemic 2.4 Challenges for Large Parks in the Future References Chapter 3: Supporting Organisations for Social Enterprises: Focus on Fundraising 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background and Previous Research 3.2.1 Social Enterprises and their Supporters 3.2.2 Intermediate Support Organisations 3.3 Outline of Social Finance 3.3.1 Overview 3.3.2 Actors and Tools 3.4 Current State of Social Finance 3.4.1 Scale of Social Finance 3.4.2 Current Situation in Europe and the USA 3.4.3 Current Situation in Japan 3.5 Financing Support and Funding Sources 3.5.1 Supporting Organisations 3.5.2 Support Method 3.6 Issues and Future Problems 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Changes in the Electricity Market and the Emergence of Regional Energy Business in Japan: Toward the Realization of... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Changes in the Electricity Market Resulting from Deregulation 4.2.1 Revision of the Electricity Business Act 4.2.2 Status of New Entrants in Electricity Retailing 4.3 The Development of ``Community-Based ́ ́ Energy Systems 4.3.1 Movement to Establish Regional Energy Companies 4.3.1.1 Capital Size and Main Businesses 4.3.1.2 Capital Size and Electricity Supply (Sales) 4.3.1.3 Location of New Regional Electric Power Companies 4.3.2 Characteristics of Community Energy Projects 4.3.2.1 Contract Types and Customers 4.3.2.2 Contract Type and Electricity Business Characteristics 4.3.2.3 Characteristics of New Municipal Electric Power Companies 4.3.2.4 Characteristics Revealed by Electricity Supply Volume 4.3.3 Management Status of New Electric Power Companies Financed by Local Governments 4.4 Conclusion References Chapter 5: The Institutional Design of a Comprehensive Supply Scheme for Sustainable Local Public Services: Theoretical Consid... 5.1 Comprehensive Supply of Public Services 5.2 Business Integration Models 5.2.1 Benefit 5.2.2 Cost 5.2.3 Government Decision-Making Problem and Incentive Contracts 5.2.4 Best Solution as Benchmark 5.3 Business Integration 5.3.1 Comparison of Integrated and Non-integrated 5.3.1.1 Non-business Integration Cases 5.3.1.2 Business Integration Case 5.3.2 Evaluation of Welfare 5.3.3 Project Profitability and Incentives: Model Implications 5.4 Case Studies 5.4.1 Example of Business Integration: The German Stadtwerke 5.4.2 Summary of Case Studies: The Policy Research Institute for Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2021) 5.4.2.1 Cases Under Investigation 5.4.2.2 Investigation Details 5.4.2.3 Overview of Stadtwerke According to Survey Results 5.4.3 Validation of Business Integration Models 5.4.3.1 Verification Methods 5.4.3.2 Positive Externalities Between Businesses: /δ Π - g(e1) - h(e2) > 0 Contract Projects with Local Authorities The Involvement of Local Authorities in the Management of the Organization (Overlaps with 1 in Sect. 5.4.3.2) 5.4.3.5 Considerations 5.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 6: Evaluation of the Educational Role of Urban Facilities and Their Contribution to Regional Sustainability 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Museum-Like Functions of Urban Facilities and Regional Sustainability 6.2.1 Significance of Urban Facilities and Museum Functions 6.2.2 Relationship Between the Museum-Like Functions of Urban Facilities and Regional Sustainability as Seen from the Results ... 6.3 Current Status of the Education Index for Regional Sustainability Assessment 6.3.1 Education-Related Indicators in International Sustainability Evaluation 6.3.1.1 Human Development Index (HDI) 6.3.1.2 Agenda 21 6.3.1.3 Pressure State Response (PSR) Model 6.3.1.4 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) 6.3.1.5 Aalborg Commitments 6.3.1.6 Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Impact, and Responses (DPSIR) 6.3.1.7 UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) Index 6.3.1.8 Urban Sustainability Indicators 6.3.1.9 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 6.3.1.10 EEA Urban Metabolism Framework 6.3.1.11 New National Wealth Index 6.3.1.12 ISO37120 6.3.1.13 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6.3.2 Localization Index in Regional Sustainability Evaluation 6.4 Role of Museum-Like Functions of Urban Facilities in Sustainability Evaluation 6.4.1 Social Education 6.4.2 Regional Social Capital Development by Learning about Local Heritage 6.4.3 Building Trust through Communication 6.5 Problems and Issues of Evaluation Indicators of Urban Facilities 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: A Study on the Economic Evaluation of Public Facilities: Regional Utilisation Other than Intended Purposes of Schoo... 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Background and Purpose 7.1.2 Literature Reviews 7.1.3 Theoretical Framework in Evaluating Public Facilities 7.1.4 Efficiency Regulated in the Local Autonomy Law 7.1.5 Public Facilities as Goods and Services in Economics 7.1.6 Benefits of Public Facility Services 7.2 Research Subjects and Methods 7.2.1 Education Facilities 7.2.2 Use of School Facilities for Other Purposes 7.2.3 How School Facilities Are Evaluated 7.2.4 Choice Behaviour of School Facilities 7.3 Estimation of Utility Value by Discrete Choice Model 7.3.1 Model 7.3.2 Data 7.4 Results and Discussions 7.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 8: Land Value Differences Based on Approach Methodologies: Analysis Using Land Market Value Publications in Tokyo 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Model 8.3 Data 8.4 Results 8.4.1 Results of SCV 8.4.2 Results of ICV 8.4.3 Results of Net Income 8.4.4 Results of Cap Rate 8.4.5 Results of Match Rate 8.4.6 Results of the PLMV 8.5 Consideration 8.5.1 SCV and ICV 8.5.2 Match Rate 8.6 Concluding Remarks 8.6.1 Implications 8.6.2 Limitations and Future Research Appendix References Chapter 9: An Overview of Indicator-Based Approach of Flood Vulnerability Assessment 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Indicator-Based Approach in Flood Vulnerability Assessment 9.2.1 The Formula Expression of Flood Vulnerability Index 9.2.1.1 UNESCO- IHE 9.2.1.2 Richard. F. Connor ́s FVI Formula 9.2.1.3 Balica ́s FVI Formula 9.2.2 Steps to Conduct an Indicator-Based Approach in Flood Vulnerability Assessment 9.2.2.1 Indicators Selection 9.2.2.2 Data Treatment 9.2.2.3 Data Rescaling The Min-Max Linear Scaling The Mean Value Scaling 9.2.2.4 Weighting Iyengar and Sudarshan ́s Ranking Method Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 9.2.2.5 Aggregation 9.2.3 Major Limitations of Indicator-Based Approach 9.2.4 Case Example of Flood Vulnerability Assessment in Hoa Vang District, Danang City of Vietnam 9.2.4.1 Study Area and Data Source 9.2.4.2 FVI Indicators and Data Analysis 9.2.4.3 Flood Vulnerability Map 9.2.4.4 Discussion 9.3 Conclusion References Chapter 10: A Study of Evacuation and Life Rebuilding After a Flood Disaster 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Survey Region and Study Methods 10.3 Typhoon No. 19 10.3.1 Characteristics of Damage Nationwide 10.3.2 Damage in Utsunomiya City and Countermeasures 10.4 Damage and Countermeasures 10.4.1 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Flood Damage 10.4.2 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Evacuation 10.5 Characteristics of Life Reconstruction 10.6 Digital Photo Archive Based on Location Information 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Consideration on the Subject and Criteria of the Minutes of the Environmental Assessment Deliberation Meeting by E... 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background and Purpose of the Research 11.2.1 Purpose of the Research 11.2.2 Previous Studies 11.2.3 Hypotheses Tested 11.2.3.1 Discussion by ``Multi-Subject ́ ́ 11.3 Discussion Based on Multi-Standards 11.4 Minutes Analysis 11.4.1 Analysis Target and Survey Method 11.4.1.1 Minutes to Be Analyzed 11.4.1.2 ``Subjects ́ ́ in the Discussion 11.4.1.3 ``Criteria ́ ́ in Discussions 11.4.1.4 Text Analysis Method 11.5 Extraction of ``Clues ́ ́ Words 11.5.1 Extraction of ``Clues ́ ́ Words 11.5.1.1 Analysis of the ``Subject ́ ́ of the Discussion 11.5.1.2 Analysis of ``Criteria ́ ́ for Discussion 11.6 Results and Discussion 11.6.1 Results 11.6.1.1 ``Subjects ́ ́ 11.6.1.2 ``Criteria ́ ́ 11.6.2 Considerations 11.6.2.1 Analysis of the ``Subject ́ ́ of the Discussion 11.6.2.2 Analysis of ``Criteria ́ ́ in Discussions ``Level/Indicator/Criteria ́ ́ Cluster ``Reason/Rationale/Number ́ ́ Cluster 11.7 Concluding Remarks References