Tourist Health, Safety and Wellbeing in the New Normal

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the face of international and domestic tourism and sharply focused attention on the importance of tourist health, safety and wellbeing like never before. This book offers a unique perspective on the challenges facing the world’s largest service industry to protect and care for customers in a rapidly evolving environment where borders have closed, social distancing rules apply and personal hygiene has become a key focus in everyday life. Yet tourism is a very resilient industry and history shows there is always an immediate surge toward recovery after a crisis has passed. Humans want to travel and see the world. While we appreciate that the pandemic is far from over, already there are reports of pent-up demand for travel as restrictions ease at some destinations and borders begin to open. As we move hopefully toward the recovery phase and people begin to move around for business and pleasure, this book presents the reader with key information and insights in both traditional and emerging areas of tourist health, safety and wellbeing, recognising that the world is now shaped by this pandemic, bringing change, potentially enduring benefits and lasting legacies. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents Editors and Contributors Editors Contributors Abbreviations Issues in Tourist Health, Safety and Wellbeing Introduction Issues During COVID-19 Demand Evolution Health and Hygiene Innovation and Digitisation Sustainability Opening Up International Travel Risk Management and Prevention The Human and Institutional Environment Tourism and Related Sectors Individual Travellers (Personal Risks) Physical and Environmental Risks Background to This Book Overview of the Book Visual Representation References Part I: Health Travel Medicine and Tourist Health Introduction Morbidity and Mortality of Travellers Defining Travel Medicine International Developments in Travel Medicine and Tourist Health Professional Initiatives Postgraduate Education Travel Medicine Practice Travel Clinics General Practice Travel Industry Other Sources of Health Advice Barriers to Accessing Pre-travel Health Advice Infectious Hazards of Travel Vector-Borne Diseases Malaria Arboviral Diseases Prevention of Infectious Diseases Through Vaccination Non-infectious Hazards of Travel Issues in Aviation Medicine Travel Advisories Travel Insurance Conclusion References Pre- and Post-Travel Medical Consultations Introduction The Pre-travel Health Consultation Promotion and Benefits of Travellers Having a Pre-travel Consultation Elements of Medical History Needed for a Pre-travel Consultation Business Travel—Duty of Care Which Vaccines for This Traveller? Routine Vaccines Recommended Vaccines Required Vaccines Needle Phobia Mindfulness and Immunisation Vaccine Records and Safety Health Education in a Pre-travel Setting Malaria and Mosquito Diseases Medical Kits Post-Travel Health Pre- and Post-travel Consultations in the New Normal Pivot Adapt Recalibrate References Vulnerable Groups and Travel Health Considerations Introduction The Paediatric Traveller COVID-19 in Children Pre-Travel Paediatric Counselling Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Epidemiological Evidence for Health Problems in Pregnant Travellers Pregnancy and COVID-19 Travel Health Advice for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Travellers Older Travellers Epidemiological Evidence on Health Problems in Older Travellers Travel Health Advice for Senior Travellers Conclusions Travellers With Pre-Existing Conditions Cardiovascular Problems Pulmonary Disease Metabolic and Endocrinologic Disease Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract Dermatological Problems Allergies Other Pre-existing Health Problems Physically Challenged Travellers The Immunocompromised Traveller Epidemiological Evidence for Health Problems in Immunocompromised Travellers COVID-19 in the Immunocompromised Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Medications Transplant Recipients HIV-Infected Travellers Asplenic and Hyposplenic Travellers Travel in Those Who Have Recovered From COVID-19 References Part II: Safety Tourism Security in a Post-COVID-19 World: Issues of Tourism Policing and Civil Unrest Introduction COVID-19 and Tourism Security Tourism Policing in an Age of COVID-19 Tourism Policing: Some Historical Aspects Tourism Policing in a Post-COVID-19 World Tourism Policing/Security Professionals and the Convention and Meetings Industry TOPPs Agents Both Public and Private Around the World Tourism Policing and Crime Current Tourism Policing The United States Latin America and the Caribbean Costa Rica Jamaica Mexico Europe Africa Asia The Future of Tourism Policing References Food Safety and Hygiene Introduction Food and Tourism Food, Safety and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Food and Water Security—A Pillar for Tourism Food Safety and Hygiene Forms of Foodborne Diseases Prevention of Foodborne Diseases Managing Foodborne Diseases When Travelling COVID-Normal and Food Safety and Hygiene The Future for Tourist Food Safety and Hygiene The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Conclusion References Travelling Safely in an Unsafe World–A Shared Responsibility Introduction Principles of Disaster Risk Management in Tourism The Evolution of DRM and DRR Disaster Impact of COVID-19 Community Study COVID-19 Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism and Focus of DRR on Tourist Safety DRR Strategies for Tourism Conclusion References Tourist Injury Introduction What Is an Injury? Common Causes of Injury in Travellers Road Water Alcohol and Drugs Why Is Injury and Tourism Important? Increase in Risk-Taking When Travelling Considerations for Travel Post-COVID-19 Aim Review of Literature and Theoretical Frameworks Travel-Related Injury Epidemiology Exposure Risk Road Drowning Envenomation Campfires and Burns Risk to Children Selfies Prevention Road Drowning Envenomation Burns Poisoning Children Falls Violence Selfies Conclusion References Part III: Wellbeing Health Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Tourist Introduction Theories of Tourist Motivation: Understanding Why People Travel Self-determination Theory Tourist Motivation and COVID-19: A Needs-Based Approach Positive Psychology and Tourism: Supportive Characteristics of the Individual Tourist Managing Uncertainty: Self-efficacy, Resilience, Hope, Optimism, and Gratitude Resilience Hope Optimism Gratitude Moving Beyond Tourist Wellbeing: Encouraging COVID-Safe Travel Behaviours Understanding Motivation to Perform COVID-Safe Behaviours Campaign Strategies to Increase Covid-Safe Behaviours Conclusion References Wellbeing and Quality of Life in Tourism Introduction Review of Literature and Theoretical Frameworks QoL and Tourism from the Perspective of Destination Residents QoL and Tourism from the Perspective of Tourists QoL and Tourism from the Perspective of Industry Employees QoL Perspective and Approaches What to Glean from Previous Research Conclusion References Domestic Nature-Based Tourism and Wellbeing: A Roadmap for the New Normal? Introduction Nature-Based Tourism and Tourist Wellbeing The Nordic Countries and Japan: Case Studies in Tourism and Nature-Based Leisure Philosophy and Practice The Nordic Countries, the Outdoors, and Friluftsliv Japan and Forest Bathing Nature-Based Tourism, Wellbeing and COVID-19: Lessons for the New Normal? The Nordic Countries Japan The Role of Nature-Based Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Template for the New Normal? Conclusion References Study and Tourism: Challenges for International Students in 2020 Introduction Literature Review International Students’ Experiences International Student Wellbeing International Students and Tourism Impacts of the Pandemic and the Higher Education Student Methodology Research Findings Issues Affecting International Students’ Wellbeing International Students’ Expectations of Studying at a Queensland University The Impact of COVID-19 on International Students at a Queensland University Case Studies Case Study 1: Rahima From Pakistan Case Study 2: Priyanka From India Conclusion References Generation Z, COVID-19 and Tourism Introduction Generations Impacted by COVID-19 Gen Z Gen Z and Tourism Systematic Quantitative Literature Review Phase 1 Tourist OR Tourism AND Generation Z Hedonism, Social Media and FOMO Transformational Experiences Having Fun Social Responsibility Safety and Security Phase 2 Tourist OR Tourism AND Generation Z AND COVID OR Pandemic Impact of COVID-19 on Gen Z Conclusion References Part IV: Contexts Understanding How Tourists Perceive and Respond to Risk: A Focus on Health Risk Introduction Understanding Tourists’ Perception of and Response to Risk Tourists’ Perception of Risk Factors That Influence Tourists’ Risk Perception Trust Control Type of Risk Scope and Frequency Awareness and Imagination Familiarity Uncertainty Personal Impact Voluntary and Personality Traits Other Determinants The Role of Emotions in Tourists’ Risk Perception Tourists’ Response to Risk: A Tourist-Destination Relationship Framework Factors That Influence Tourists’ Health Risk Perception and Decision-Making Tourists’ Health Risk Perception: An Australian Perspective Study Context Survey Method and Sampling Results and Discussion The Change of Tourists’ Risk Perception in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Future Interdisciplinary Research Agenda References Safety Management in the Adventure Tourism Industry Introduction Specifying the Adventure Tourism Experience Defining the Adventure Tourism Industry and Operating Environment A Brief History of Adventure Travels and Some Negative Consequences The Public Health Approach Towards Reducing the Potential for Harm Industry Standards and Regulations Safety Audits The Post-Pandemic Future of Commercial Adventure Tourism Conclusion Finding Quality Through Embedded Safety References Managing Visitor Risk in National Parks Introduction Risk of Injury in National Parks Managing Visitor Risks in Parks Managing Park Visitor Safety in the New Normal Conclusion References Safety in Coastal and Marine Tourism Introduction Responsibility for Safety Beach Tourism and Safety Drowning Coastal and Island Resorts Boating Scuba Diving and Snorkelling Jet Skis Fishing Evolution of Coastal and Marine Tourism WHAT’S PAR for the Course? Appendix: Best Practice Guidelines Guidelines Relevant to All Aquatic Environments References Part V: Government and Industry Activity Government Travel Advisories Introduction Development of a Collaborative Approach to Government Travel Advisories Between Foreign Ministries and Stakeholder Groups Emphasis on the Travel Industry Innovations in the Use and Presentation of Travel Advisories Pre-COVID-19 The Impact of COVID-19 on Travel Intentions of Australian Travellers The Impact of COVID-19 on Travel Advisories and the Emergence of Pandemic-Related Travel Bans and Restrictions on Entry Conclusion References Creating a Safer Journey: Exploring Emerging Innovations in the Aviation Sector Introduction Innovation and Safety in the Aviation Sector: Context and Evolution The New Normal and Emerging Innovations: Technologies for a Safer Journey Sanitising and Cleaning Technologies New Anticontamination Material and Barriers Touchless, Biometrics Technologies and Automated Passenger Processing Real-Time Monitoring, Screening Detection, and Thermal Technologies Apps and Devices for a Digital New Normal Aggregating Value Towards a Safer Journey: Policies, Practices, and Innovations Integration Conclusion References The Great Reset: Hospitality Redefined Introduction COVID-19 and Hospitality Services Hospitality Offering Safety, Cleanliness and Hygiene Protocols Technology and Digital Innovation Servicescape Design Employees Management Brand Communication and Marketing: Price, Promotion and Distribution Conclusions and Implications: Hospitality Redefined References Cruise Ships and Passenger Health Introduction Global Cruise Ship Fleet Regulation Expectations of Cruise Ship Passengers Cruise Ship Medicine Common Health Problems on Cruise Ships Gastrointestinal Respiratory Varicella Dental Deaths Emergent Problems COVID-19 Norovirus Influenza Legionnaires’ Disease Hijacking/Terrorism Injury Pre-Travel Health Advice Pregnancy Post-travel Consultation Conclusion References Safe Travel: The Legal Duty of Care to Keep Tourists Safe Introduction Overview of the Law Airlines Airline Liability Passenger Liability Case Studies on Airline Liability Developing DVT During a Flight Povey v Qantas Airways Limited [2005] HCA 33 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Qantas Airways Limited v Cameron [1996] FCA 349 Airlines: COVID-19 Health and Safety Cruise Lines Falling Panels Smith v Carnival Plc Trading as P&O Cruises Australia [2018] NSWSC 782 A Loose Brick Szczerbanik v Carnival PLC t/as Carnival Cruise Line [2019] NSWDC 197 & 198 Cruise Lines: COVID-19 Health and Safety Special Commission of Inquiry into the Ruby Princess Hotels, Resorts and Clubs Altercation on the Dance Floor Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak [2009] HCA 48 A “Wallop” Punch Tilden v Gregg [2015] NSWCA 164 Falling Down Stairs Parker v City of Bankstown RSL Community Club Ltd [2015] NSWCA 246 Hotels, Resorts and Clubs—COVID-19 Health and Safety Theme Parks and Tourist Experience Operators Thunder River Rapids Tragedy—The Dreamworld Coroner’s Inquest A Scarf Strangulation Work Health Authority v Outback Ballooning Pty Ltd [2019] HCA 2 Theme Parks and Tourist Experience Operators—COVID-19 Health and Safety Tour Operators and Recreational Activity Providers A Chairlift Accident Perisher Blue Pty Ltd v Nair-Smith [2015] NSWCA 90 A Dolphin-Watching Cruise Lormine Pty Ltd & Anor v Xuereb [2006] NSWCA 200 White-Water Rafting Samahar Miski v Penrith Whitewater Stadium Ltd [2018] NSWDC 21 A Coward’s Punch Packer v Tall Ship Sailing Cruises Australia Pty Ltd [2015] QCA 108 Tour Operators and Recreational Activity Providers—COVID-19 Health and Safety Local Authorities (Tourist Attractions) Falling off a Jetty Coffs Harbour City Council v Polglase [2020] NSWCA 265 Slippery Boat Ramp Bowman v Nambucca Shire Council [2020] NSWSC 1121 Local Authorities (Tourist Attractions)—COVID-19 Health and Safety Conclusion References