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Full stack web developers are always in demand—do you have the skillset? Between these pages you’ll learn to design websites with CSS, structure them with HTML, and add interactivity with JavaScript. You’ll master the different web protocols, formats, and architectures and see how and when to use APIs, PHP, web services, and other tools and languages. With information on testing, deploying, securing, and optimizing web applications, you’ll get the full frontend and backend instructions you need! Highlights include: 1) Frontend programming 2) Backend programming 3) HTML 4) CSS 5) JavaScript 6) APIs 7) Single-page applications 8) Web architecture 9) Testing 10) Deployment 11) Security 12) Optimization Dear Reader Notes on Usage Table of Contents Foreword Preface Intended Audience Structure of the Book How Should I Read This Book? Acknowledgments 1 Understanding the Basics 1.1 Terminology 1.1.1 Client and Server 1.1.2 Relationship between URLs, Domains, and IP Addresses 1.2 Structure of Web Applications 1.2.1 Creating Web Pages Using HTML 1.2.2 Designing Web Pages with CSS 1.2.3 Making Web Pages Interactive with JavaScript 1.2.4 Making Web Pages Dynamic Using Server-Side Logic 1.3 Full Stack Development 1.3.1 What Are Software Stacks? 1.3.2 What Types of Stacks Exist? 1.3.3 What Is a Full Stack Developer? 1.3.4 Structure of This Book 1.4 Tools for Full Stack Developers 1.4.1 Editors 1.4.2 Development Environments 1.4.3 Browsers 1.5 Summary and Outlook 1.5.1 Key Points 1.5.2 Outlook 2 Structuring Web Pages with HTML 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Versions 2.1.2 Using Elements and Attributes 2.1.3 Saving Web Pages as HTML Documents 2.2 Using the Most Important Elements 2.2.1 Using Headings, Paragraphs, and Other Text Formatting 2.2.2 Creating Lists 2.2.3 Defining Links 2.2.4 Including Images 2.2.5 Structuring Data in Tables 2.2.6 Defining Forms 2.2.7 Further Information 2.3 Summary and Outlook 2.3.1 Key Points 2.3.2 Recommended Reading 2.3.3 Outlook 3 Designing Web Pages with CSS 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The Principle of CSS 3.1.2 Including CSS in HTML 3.1.3 Selectors 3.1.4 Cascading and Specificity 3.1.5 Inheritance 3.2 Applying Colors and Text Formatting 3.2.1 Defining the Text Color and Background Color 3.2.2 Designing Texts 3.3 Lists and Tables 3.3.1 Designing Lists 3.3.2 Designing Tables 3.4 Understanding the Different Layout Systems 3.4.1 Basic Principles of Positioning with CSS 3.4.2 Float Layout 3.4.3 Flexbox Layout 3.4.4 Grid Layout 3.5 Summary and Outlook 3.5.1 Key Points 3.5.2 Recommended Reading 3.5.3 Outlook 4 Making Web Pages Interactive with JavaScript 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Including JavaScript 4.1.2 Displaying Dialog Boxes 4.1.3 Using the Developer Console 4.1.4 Introduction to Programming 4.2 Variables, Constants, Data Types, and Operators 4.2.1 Defining Variables 4.2.2 Defining Constants 4.2.3 Using Data Types 4.2.4 Using Operators 4.3 Using Control Structures 4.3.1 Using Conditional Statements and Branching 4.3.2 Using Loops 4.4 Functions and Error Handling 4.4.1 Defining and Calling Functions 4.4.2 Passing and Analyzing Function Parameters 4.4.3 Defining Return Values 4.4.4 Responding to Errors 4.5 Objects and Arrays 4.5.1 Using Objects 4.5.2 Using Arrays 4.6 Summary and Outlook 4.6.1 Key Points 4.6.2 Recommended Reading 4.6.3 Outlook 5 Using Web Protocols 5.1 Hypertext Transfer Protocol 5.1.1 Requests and Responses 5.1.2 Structure of HTTP Requests 5.1.3 Structure of HTTP Responses 5.1.4 Header 5.1.5 Methods 5.1.6 Status Codes 5.1.7 MIME Types 5.1.8 Cookies 5.1.9 Executing HTTP from the Command Line 5.2 Bidirectional Communication 5.2.1 Polling and Long Polling 5.2.2 Server-Sent Events 5.2.3 WebSockets 5.3 Summary and Outlook 5.3.1 Key Points 5.3.2 Recommended Reading 5.3.3 Outlook 6 Using Web Formats 6.1 Data Formats 6.1.1 CSV 6.1.2 XML 6.1.3 JSON 6.2 Image Formats 6.2.1 Photographs in the JPG Format 6.2.2 Graphics and Animations in the GIF Format 6.2.3 Graphics in the PNG Format 6.2.4 Vector Graphics in the SVG Format 6.2.5 Everything Gets Better with the WebP Format 6.2.6 Comparing Image Formats 6.2.7 Programs for Image Processing 6.3 Video and Audio Formats 6.3.1 Video Formats 6.3.2 Audio Formats 6.4 Summary and Outlook 6.4.1 Key Points 6.4.2 Recommended Reading 6.4.3 Outlook 7 Using Web APIs 7.1 Changing Web Pages Dynamically Using the DOM API 7.1.1 The Document Object Model 7.1.2 The Different Types of Nodes 7.1.3 Selecting Elements 7.1.4 Modifying Elements 7.1.5 Creating, Adding, and Deleting Elements 7.1.6 Practical Example: Dynamic Creation of a Table 7.2 Loading Data Synchronously via Ajax and the Fetch API 7.2.1 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Communication 7.2.2 Loading Data via Ajax 7.2.3 Loading Data via the Fetch API 7.3 Other Web APIs 7.3.1 Overview of Web APIs 7.3.2 Browser Support for Web APIs 7.4 Summary and Outlook 7.4.1 Key Points 7.4.2 Recommended Reading 7.4.3 Outlook 8 Optimizing Websites for Accessibility 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Introduction to Accessibility 8.1.2 User Groups and Assistive Technologies 8.1.3 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 8.2 Making Components of a Website Accessible 8.2.1 Structuring Web Pages Semantically 8.2.2 Using Headings Correctly 8.2.3 Making Forms Accessible 8.2.4 Making Tables Accessible 8.2.5 Making Images Accessible 8.2.6 Making Links Accessible 8.2.7 Accessible Rich Internet Applications 8.2.8 Miscellaneous 8.3 Testing Accessibility 8.3.1 Types of Tests 8.3.2 Tools for Testing 8.4 Summary and Outlook 8.4.1 Key Points 8.4.2 Recommended Reading 8.4.3 Outlook 9 Simplifying CSS with CSS Preprocessors 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 How CSS Preprocessors Work 9.1.2 Features of CSS Preprocessors 9.1.3 Sass, Less, and Stylus 9.2 Using Sass 9.2.1 Installing Sass 9.2.2 Compiling Sass Files to CSS 9.2.3 Using Variables 9.2.4 Using Operators 9.2.5 Using Branches 9.2.6 Using Loops 9.2.7 Using Functions 9.2.8 Implementing Custom Functions 9.2.9 Nesting Rules 9.2.10 Using Inheritance and Mixins 9.3 Summary and Outlook 9.3.1 Key Points 9.3.2 Recommended Reading 9.3.3 Outlook 10 Implementing Single-Page Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Setup 10.3 Components: The Building Blocks of a React Application 10.3.1 State: The Local State of a Component 10.3.2 The Lifecycle of a Component 10.4 Styling Components 10.4.1 Inline Styling 10.4.2 CSS Classes and External Stylesheets 10.4.3 Overview of Other Styling Options 10.5 Component Hierarchies 10.6 Forms 10.7 The Context API 10.8 Routing 10.9 Summary and Outlook 10.9.1 Key Points 10.9.2 Recommended Reading 10.9.3 Outlook 11 Implementing Mobile Applications 11.1 The Different Types of Mobile Applications 11.1.1 Native Applications 11.1.2 Mobile Web Applications 11.1.3 Hybrid Applications 11.1.4 Comparing the Different Approaches 11.2 Responsive Design 11.2.1 Introduction: What Is Responsive Design? 11.2.2 Viewports 11.2.3 Media Queries 11.2.4 Flexible Layouts 11.3 Cross-Platform Development with React Native 11.3.1 The Principle of React Native 11.3.2 Installation and Project Initialization 11.3.3 Starting the Application 11.3.4 The Basic Structure of a React Native Application 11.3.5 User Interface Components 11.3.6 Building and Publishing Applications 11.4 Summary and Outlook 11.4.1 Key Points 11.4.2 Recommended Reading 11.4.3 Outlook 12 Understanding and Using Web Architectures 12.1 Layered Architectures 12.1.1 Basic Structure of Layered Architectures 12.1.2 Client-Server Architecture (Two-Tier Architecture) 12.1.3 Multi-Tier Architecture 12.2 Monoliths and Distributed Architectures 12.2.1 Monolithic Architecture 12.2.2 Service-Oriented Architecture 12.2.3 Microservice Architecture 12.2.4 Component-Based Architecture 12.2.5 Microfrontends Architecture 12.2.6 Messaging Architecture 12.2.7 Web Service Architecture 12.3 MV* Architectures 12.3.1 Model-View-Controller 12.3.2 Model-View-Presenter 12.3.3 Model-View-Viewmodel 12.4 Summary and Outlook 12.4.1 Key Points 12.4.2 Recommended Reading 12.4.3 Outlook 13 Using Programming Languages on the Server Side 13.1 Types of Programming Languages 13.1.1 Programming Languages by Degree of Abstraction 13.1.2 Compiled and Interpreted Programming Languages 13.2 Programming Paradigms 13.2.1 Imperative and Declarative Programming 13.2.2 Object-Oriented Programming 13.2.3 Functional Programming 13.3 What Are the Programming Languages? 13.3.1 Rankings of Programming Languages 13.3.2 Which Programming Language Should You Learn? 13.3.3 But Seriously Now: Which Programming Language Should You Learn? 13.4 Summary and Outlook 13.4.1 Key Points 13.4.2 Recommended Reading 13.4.3 Outlook 14 Using JavaScript on the Server Side 14.1 JavaScript on Node.js 14.1.1 Node.js Architecture 14.1.2 A First Program 14.1.3 Package Management 14.2 Using the Integrated Modules 14.2.1 Reading Files 14.2.2 Writing Files 14.2.3 Deleting Files 14.3 Implementing a Web Server 14.3.1 Preparations 14.3.2 Providing Static Files 14.3.3 Using the Express.js Web Framework 14.3.4 Processing Form Data 14.4 Summary and Outlook 14.4.1 Key Points 14.4.2 Recommended Reading 14.4.3 Outlook 15 Using the PHP Language 15.1 Introduction to the PHP Language 15.2 Installing PHP and the Web Server Locally 15.3 Variables, Data Types, and Operators 15.3.1 Using Variables 15.3.2 Using Constants 15.3.3 Using Operators 15.4 Using Control Structures 15.4.1 Conditional Statements 15.4.2 Loops 15.5 Functions and Error Handling 15.5.1 Defining Functions 15.5.2 Function Parameters 15.5.3 Defining Return Values 15.5.4 Using Data Types 15.5.5 Anonymous Functions 15.5.6 Declaring Variable Functions 15.5.7 Arrow Functions 15.5.8 Responding to Errors 15.6 Using Classes and Objects 15.6.1 Writing Classes 15.6.2 Creating Objects 15.6.3 Class Constants 15.6.4 Visibility 15.6.5 Inheritance 15.6.6 Class Abstraction 15.6.7 More Features 15.7 Developing Dynamic Websites with PHP 15.7.1 Creating and Preparing a Form 15.7.2 Receiving Form Data 15.7.3 Verifying Form Data 15.8 Summary and Outlook 15.8.1 Key Points 15.8.2 Recommended Reading 15.8.3 Outlook 16 Implementing Web Services 16.1 Introduction 16.2 SOAP 16.2.1 The Workflow with SOAP 16.2.2 Description of Web Services with WSDL 16.2.3 Structure of SOAP Messages 16.2.4 Conclusion 16.3 REST 16.3.1 The Workflow with REST 16.3.2 The Principles of REST 16.3.3 Implementing a REST API 16.3.4 Calling a REST API 16.4 GraphQL 16.4.1 The Disadvantages of REST 16.4.2 The Workflow of GraphQL 16.5 Summary and Outlook 16.5.1 Key Points 16.5.2 Recommended Reading 16.5.3 Outlook 17 Storing Data in Databases 17.1 Relational Databases 17.1.1 The Functionality of Relational Databases 17.1.2 The SQL Language 17.1.3 Real-Life Example: Using Relational Databases in Node.js 17.1.4 Object-Relational Mappings 17.2 Non-Relational Databases 17.2.1 Relational versus Non-Relational Databases 17.2.2 The Functionality of Non-Relational Databases 17.2.3 Key-Value Databases 17.2.4 Document-Oriented Databases 17.2.5 Graph Databases 17.2.6 Column-Oriented Databases 17.3 Summary and Outlook 17.3.1 Key Points 17.3.2 Recommended Reading 17.3.3 Outlook 18 Testing Web Applications 18.1 Automated Tests 18.1.1 Introduction 18.1.2 Types of Tests 18.1.3 Test-Driven Development 18.1.4 Running Automated Tests in JavaScript 18.2 Test Coverage 18.2.1 Introduction 18.2.2 Determining Test Coverage in JavaScript 18.3 Test Doubles 18.3.1 The Problem with Dependencies 18.3.2 Replacing Dependencies with Test Doubles 18.3.3 Spies 18.3.4 Stubs 18.3.5 Mock Objects 18.4 Summary and Outlook 18.4.1 Key Points 18.4.2 Recommended Reading 18.4.3 Outlook 19 Deploying and Hosting Web Applications 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Building, Deploying, and Hosting 19.1.2 Types of Deployment 19.1.3 Types of Hosting 19.1.4 Requirements for Servers 19.2 Container Management 19.2.1 Docker 19.2.2 Real-Life Example: Packaging a Web Application using Docker 19.2.3 Number of Docker Images 19.2.4 Docker Compose 19.3 Summary and Outlook 19.3.1 Key Points 19.3.2 Recommended Reading 19.3.3 Outlook 20 Securing Web Applications 20.1 Vulnerabilities 20.1.1 Open Web Application Security Project 20.1.2 Injection 20.1.3 Broken Authentication 20.1.4 Sensitive Data Exposure 20.1.5 XML External Entities 20.1.6 Broken Access Control 20.1.7 Security Misconfiguration 20.1.8 Cross-Site Scripting 20.1.9 Insecure Deserialization 20.1.10 Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities 20.1.11 Insufficient Logging and Monitoring 20.1.12 Outlook 20.2 Encryption and Cryptography 20.2.1 Symmetric Cryptography 20.2.2 Asymmetric Cryptography 20.2.3 SSL, TLS, and HTTPS 20.3 Same-Origin Policies, Content Security Policies, and Cross-Origin Resource Sharing 20.3.1 Same Origin Policy 20.3.2 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing 20.3.3 Content Security Policy 20.4 Authentication 20.4.1 Basic Authentication 20.4.2 Session-Based Authentication 20.4.3 Token-Based Authentication 20.5 Summary and Outlook 20.5.1 Key Points 20.5.2 Recommended Reading 20.5.3 Outlook 21 Optimizing the Performance of Web Applications 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 What Should Be Optimized and Why? 21.1.2 How Can Performance Be Measured? 21.1.3 Which Tools Are Available for Measuring Performance? 21.2 Options for Optimization 21.2.1 Optimizing Connection Times 21.2.2 Using a Server-Side Cache 21.2.3 Optimizing Images 21.2.4 Using a Client-Side Cache 21.2.5 Minifying the Code 21.2.6 Compressing Files 21.2.7 Lazy Loading: Loading Data Only When Needed 21.2.8 Preloading Data 21.3 Summary and Outlook 21.3.1 Key Points 21.3.2 Recommended Reading 21.3.3 Outlook 22 Organizing and Managing Web Projects 22.1 Types of Version Control Systems 22.1.1 Central Version Control Systems 22.1.2 Decentralized Version Control Systems 22.2 The Git Version Control System 22.2.1 How Git Stores Data 22.2.2 The Different Areas of Git 22.2.3 Installation 22.2.4 Creating a New Git Repository 22.2.5 Transferring Changes to the Staging Area 22.2.6 Committing Changes to the Local Repository 22.2.7 Committing Changes to the Remote Repository 22.2.8 Transferring Changes from the Remote Repository 22.2.9 Working in a New Branch 22.2.10 Transferring Changes from a Branch 22.3 Summary and Outlook 22.3.1 Key Points 22.3.2 Recommended Reading 22.3.3 Outlook 23 Managing Web Projects 23.1 Classic Project Management versus Agile Project Management 23.1.1 Classic Project Management 23.1.2 Agile Project Management 23.2 Agile Project Management Based on Scrum 23.2.1 The Scrum Workflow 23.2.2 The Roles of Scrum 23.2.3 Events in Scrum 23.2.4 Artifacts in Scrum 23.3 Summary and Outlook 23.3.1 Key Points 23.3.2 Recommended Reading 23.3.3 Outlook A HTTP A.1 HTTP Status Codes A.1.1 Brief Overview A.2 MIME Types A.3 Headers A.3.1 Request Headers A.3.2 Response Headers B HTML Elements B.1 HTML and Metadata B.2 Page Areas B.3 Content Grouping B.4 Text B.5 Changes to the Document B.6 Embedded Content B.7 Tables B.8 Forms B.9 Scripts C Tools and Command References C.1 Node.js C.1.1 Installation File on macOS C.1.2 Installation File on Windows C.1.3 Binary Package on macOS C.1.4 Binary Package on Windows C.1.5 Binary Package on Linux C.1.6 Package Manager C.2 Testing Tools C.3 Git Command Reference C.4 Docker Command Reference C.5 Docker Compose Command Reference D Conclusion E The Author Index Service Pages Legal Notes